more dignified, but less influential, post of president of the council, a process which his enemy Halifax described as being “ kicked upstairs.” Although appointed lord lieutenant of Ireland, Rochester did not take up this position; he was still president of the council when James II. became king in February 1685, and he was at once appointed to the important office of lord treasurer. But in spite of their family relationship and their long friendship, James and his treasurer did not agree. The king wished to surround himself with Roman Catholic advisers; the earl, on the other hand, looked with alarm on his master's leanings to that form of faith. In January 1687 he was removed from his office of treasurer, being solaced with a pension of £4000 a year and a gift of Irish lands.
After the revolution of 1688 Rochester appeared as a leader of the Tories, and he opposed' the election of William and Mary as king and queen, raising his voice for the establishment of a regency on behalf of the exiled James. But he soon reconciled himself to the new order, perhaps because he could not retain his pension unless he took the oaths of allegiance. After this he was quickly in the royal favour and again a member of the privy council. He advised the queen in ecclesiastical matters, and returned to his former position as the leader of the High Church party. From December 1700 until February 1703 he was lord lieutenant of Ireland, although he did not spend much time in that country, and the concluding years of his public life were mainly passed in championing the interests of the Church. In 1710 he was again made lord president of the council. He died on the 2nd of May 1711, and was succeeded by his only son, Henry (1672–1758), who in 1724 inherited the earldom of Clarendon. When Henry died without issue on the 10th of December 1758 all his titles became extinct.
Lawrence Hyde had some learning and a share of his father’s literary genius. The main employment of his old age was the preparation for the press of his father's History of the Rebellion, to which he wrote a preface. Like most of the men of his time, he drank deeply, and he was of an arrogant disposition and had a violent temper. In Dryden's satire of Absalom and Achitophel he is “Hushai,” the friend of David in distress.
The correspondence of Rochester with his brother the earl of Clarendon, together with other letters written by him, was published with notes by S. W. Singer (1828). Other authorities are G. Burnet, History of his Own Time, edited by O. Airy (Oxford, 1897–1900); John Evelyn, Diary, edited by H. B. Wheatley (1879); and Macaulay, History of England.
ROCHESTER, a city, municipal and parliamentary borough of Kent, England, on the river Medway, 33 m. E.S.E. of London
by the South-Eastern & Chatham railway, contiguous to
Chatham and Strood. Pop. (1901) 30,590. Chatham lies east of
the city on the same bank of the river, while Strood is opposite,
on the left bank, being connected with Rochester by a railway
bridge and by an iron swing bridge, the latter occupying the
site of a bridge which spanned the Medway before the Conquest.
The cathedral church of St Andrew was originally founded by
Augustine in 604, for whom Æthelbert built the church. It
was partially destroyed by the Danes, but was rebuilt, with a
long choir and square east end, by Bishop Gundulph, the second
Norman bishop (1077–1108). Gundulph at the same time
(1089) established an order of Benedictine monks here. Bishop
Ernulf (1115–24), who as prior of Canterbury and abbot of
Peterborough had already distinguished himself as a builder,
completed and also renovated the church, lengthening it by
two bays eastward; the old chapter-house remains. The
beautiful Norman west front was built about 1125–30, and in
1130 the new cathedral was consecrated. About 1201 a baker,
William of Perth, while on a pilgrimage was murdered near
Rochester by robbers. He was buried in the cathedral and
was canonized, his shrine becoming a famous resort of pilgrims,
who brought much wealth to the monastery. The edifice
suffered from fire in 1137 and in 1171. During the whole of
the 13th and a part of the 14th century a gradual rebuilding,
or sometimes mere recasing, of the church was effected from
east to west. The work included an extended choir by William
de Hoo (1227), enlargement of the main transepts, the building
of piers for a central tower, and treatment of the nave to the
third bay. About 1352 a low central tower was built, to which
a spire was added in the next century. Towards the end of
the 15th century St Mary's chapel was added, the Norman
clerestory was rebuilt, and a great west window inserted.
Though a comparatively small building, being only 306 ft. in
length and 65 ft. in breadth at the nave, the cathedral is of
much architectural interest, and exhibits a variety of styles
from Norman to Perpendicular. The rich and varied decoration
of the Norman nave (especially the triforium) is very noteworthy,
as is also the chapter-house doorway, a fine example
of Decorated work. The Early English portion of the building
is less successful. The ruins of Gundulph's Tower stand detached
from and are earlier than the church; this tower was
built by Bishop Gundulph probably as a defensive work for
the eastern boundary of the city. The crypt beneath the
choir is of special interest, showing early Norman work in
the western part. The remainder is Early English, and there
are traces of mural painting. The cathedral contains many
interesting monuments, including a plain slab assigned to
Gundulph, and several tombs of bishops of the 13th century,
among them that of Bishop Walter de Merton, founder of
Merton College, Oxford (d. 1277). The library attached to
the modern chapter-house contains, among various valuable
relics, the Textus Roffensis, being records of the cathedral
compiled in the time of Bishop Ernulf. The old episcopal
palace is partly converted into dwelling-houses. Portions
of the wall of the priory dormitory and the refectory doorway
may also still be seen. Among various restorations of the
cathedral in the 19th century the earliest was that of Lewis
Cottingham (1825–27), who erected a Decorated central tower
unsuited to the general character of the building. Bishop Hamo de Hythe (1319–52) had erected a tower with short spire of timber and lead, and of this the general design is reproduced in the present tower and spire from designs of Mr C. H. Fowler, begun in 1904 under Dean Hole, who, however, did not survive to see its dedication on St Andrew's day at the close of the same year.
The parish church of St Nicholas was built in 1421, and restored after a fire in 1892. In Saxon times the cathedral was the parish church, but after the establishment of a monastery heré, monks and parishioners quarrelled as to their rights, and a new parish church was built.
On the eminence overlooking the right bank of the river and commanding a wide view of the surrounding country are the extensive remains of the Norman castle, part of which was built by Bishop Gundulph at the order of William Rufus towards the close of the 11th century. The castle was besieged by King John, by Simon de Montfort in the reign of Henry III., and in the reign of Richard II. by a party of rebels during the insurrection of Wat Tyler. It was repaired by Edward IV., but soon afterwards fell into decay, although the massive keep is still in good preservation. This, one of the finest relics of its kind in England, is considered to be the work of William de Corbeil, archbishop of Canterbury, to whom the castle was granted in 1126. It is a quadrangular four-storeyed structure, flanked by turrets, with an extreme height of 120 ft. Remains of the 13th-century walls which once surrounded the city also exist. Gad's Hill, above Strood, to the north-west, is famous as the residence of Charles Dickens. At Borstal, south-west of Rochester, is a large convict prison. Among the principal public buildings of secular character in the city are the town hall (1687), the corn exchange with free library and a museum, the county court offices, and the Richard Watt's almshouses (1579). Besides these almshouses there are a number of other charities, among which the almshouse of St Catherine originated in 1316 as a leper's hospital. A picturesque Elizabethan mansion was acquired by the corporation for a museum as a memorial of Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee. The principal schools are the cathedral grammar-school or King's School, founded in 1544, and the Williamson mathematical school (1704), formerly,
