in 1824 became professor of oriental languages at Pisa University. He is best known as the associate of ]. F. Champollion (q.v.), whose studies he shared and whom he accompanied in his Egyptian explorations (1828). On the death of Champollion the publication of the results of their expedition fell to Rosellini (Monumenti dell' Egilto e della Nubia, Florence, 1832-40, 10 vols. fol.).
ROSEMARY, botanically Rosmarinus, a Labiate plant, the
only representative of the genus and a native of the Mediterranean
region. It is a low shrub with linear leaves, dark green
above, white beneath, and with margins rolled back on to the
under face. The flowers are in small axillary clusters. Each
has a two-lipped calyx, from which projects a bluish two-lipped
corolla enclosing two stamens, the other two, which are generally
present in the family, being deficient. The fruit consists of four
smooth nutlets. Botanically the genus is near to Salvia, but it
differs in the shorter connective to the anther. Rosemary was
highly esteemed by the ancients for its aromatic fragrance and
medicinal uses. In modern times it is valued mainly as a perfume,
for which purpose the oil is obtained by distillation. It
doubtless has slight stimulant properties, such as are common
to all volatile oils, which may account for the general belief
in the efficacy of the plant in promoting the growth of the hair.
Rosemary plays no unimportant part in literature and folk-lore,
being esteemed as an emblem of remembrance(“ There's
rosemary, that's for remembrance, ” says Ophelia. Its use in
connexion with funeral ceremonies is not extinct in country
places to this day, and it was formerly much valued at wedding
festivities. The name “ ros marinus” or “ ros maris, ”
literally “ sea-dew, ” was probably given in allusion to its native
habitat in the neighbourhood of the sea.
ROSENHEIM, a town and watering-place of Germany, in the
kingdom of Bavaria, situated at the confluence of the Mangfall
and the Inn, 40 m. by rail S.E. of Munich. Pop. (1905) IS,403.
It is an interesting town, with many medieval houses. Among its
seven churches the Roman Catholic parish church, with a curious
cupola and containing numerous old tombs and efligies, and
that of the Holy Ghost (15th century), are remarkable. There
are a monastery, two convents, several schools and a hospital.
Rosenheim is frequented for its saline and sulphur baths, and
there are important salt works, the brine being conveyed
from Reichenhall in pipes; it has also machine factories,
metal works and breweries. Cordage is manufactured, and
there is a trade in cattle and grain. Although founded
in the 12th century Rosenheim did not become a town until 1864.
See Ditterich, Rosenheim in Oberbayern (Munich, 1870), and Eid, Aus Altrosenheim (Rosenheim, 1906).
ROSENKRANZ, JOHANN KARL FRIEDRICH (1805-1879),
German philosopher, was born at Magdeburg on the 23rd of
April 1805. He read philosophy at Berlin, Halle and Heidelberg,
devoting himself mainly to the doctrines of Hegel and
Schleiermacher. After holding the chair of philosophy at
Halle for two years, he became, in 1833, professor at the university
of Konigsberg, where he remained till his death on the
14th of July 1870. In his last years he was quite blind. Throughout
his long professorial career, and in all his numerous publications
he remained, in spite of occasional deviations on particular
points, loyal to the Hegelian tradition as a whole. In the great
division of the Hegelian school, he, in company with Michelet
and others, formed the “ centre, ” midway between Erdmann
and Gabler on the one hand, and the “ extreme left ” represented
by Strauss, Feuerbach and Bruno Bauer.
Of his numerous writings, the following may be mentioned 1-1. Philosophical: Krilik der Schleiermaeherschen Glaubenslehre (1836); Psychologie oder Wissenschafl vom subjektiven Geist (1837; rd ed., 1863); Krilische Erlauterungen des Hegelschen Systems (1840); Vorlesungen uber Schelling (1842); System der Wissenschaft (1850); Meine Reform der Hegelschen Philosophie (1852); Wissenschaft der logischen [dee (1858-59), with a supplement (Epilegomena, 1862); Hegels Nalurphilosophie und die Bearbeitung derselben durch Vera (1868); Erlauterungen zu Hegels Encyklopddie der philosophischen Wissenschaften (1871). Two other of his works on Hegel are important, the Leben Hegels (1844) and the Hegel als deutscher Nationalphilosoph (1870). Between 1838 and 1840 in conjunction with F. W. Schubert, he published an edition of the works of Kant, to which he appended a history of the Kantian doctrine. 2. Literary and General: Geschichte der deutschen Poesie im Miltelalter (1830); Handbuch einer allgemeinen Geschichte der Poesie (1832-33); Die Pddogogik als System (1848); Aeslhetik des Hasslichen (1853); Die Poesie and ihre Geschichle (1885); Studien (1839-47) and Neue Studien (1875-78). He published also an autobiography entitled Von Magdeburg nach Konigsberg (1373), which deals with his life up to the time of his settlement at Konigsberg. See Quabicker, Karl Rosenkranz (1899), and j. Hutchison Stirling, The Secret of Hegel, part 6.
ROSENTHAL, TOBY EDWARD (1848–), American artist, was born at New Haven, Connecticut, on the 15th of March 1848. Removing to San Francisco with his parents in 1855, he there studied painting under Fortunato Arriola. In 1865 he went to Munich, where he was a pupil of the Royal Academy under Strachuber, Raupp and Piloty. Among his more important works are: “ Morning Prayers ” (Leipzig
Museum), “ Elaine,” “ Trial of Constance de Beverley,” “ Dancing Lesson During the Empire ” and “ Departure from the Family."
ROSES, WARS OF THE, a name given to a series of civil wars in England during the reigns of Henry VI., Edward IV. and Richard III. Their importance in the general history
of England is dealt with elsewhere, and their significance in
the history of the art and practice of war is small. They were
marked by a ferocity and brutality whichare practically unknown
in the history of English wars before and since. The
honest yeoman of Edward III.'s time had evolved into a professional
soldier of fortune, and had been demoralized by the
prolonged and dismal Hundred Years' War, at the close of
which many thousands of ruffians, whose occupation had gone,
had been let loose in England. At the same time the power of
feudalism had become concentrated in the hands of a few great
lords, who were wealthy enough and powerful enough to become
king-makers. The disbanded mercenaries enlisted indifferently
on either side, corrupting the ordinary feudal tenantry with
the evil habits of the French wars, and pillaged the countryside,
with accompaniments of murder and violence, wherever they
went. It is true that the sympathies of the people at large
were to some extent enlisted: London and, generally, the
trading towns being Yorkist, the country people Lancastrian—a
division of factions which roughly corresponded to
that of the early part of the Great Rebellion, two centuries
later, and similarly in a measure indicative of the opposition of
hereditary loyalty and desire for sound and effective government.
But there was this difference, that in the 15th century
the feeling of loyalty was to a great extent focused upon the
great lords. Each lord could depend on his own tenantry,
and he could, further, pay large bands of retainers. Hence,
much as the citizen desired a settlement, the issue was in
the hands of the magnates; and as accessions to and defections
from one party and the other constantly shifted the balance of
power, the war dragged on, becoming more and more brutal
with every campaign.
It is from the Wars of the Roses that there originated the deep-rooted dislike of the professional soldier which was for nearly four centuries a conspicuous feature of the English social and governmental system, and it is therefore in their results rather than their incidents that they have affected the evolution of war. They withdrew the English army system from European battlefields precisely at the moment of transition when the regimental and technical organization of armies was becoming a science and seeking models, and the all-powerful English longbow at the moment when the early, scarcely effective firearms were, so to speak, struggling for recognition as army weapons. On the other hand, they destroyed the British military organization. The national army, aloof from the main streams of military progress, remained for 150 years an aggregation of county levies armed with bills and bows. In so far as the king was permitted or able to raise armies, they were small mercenary forces formed, on a basis of unemployed professionals, from pressed men and criminals, and they were
