has been picked out with recessed arches, the tenderness of its scheme of colour, combine to produce an exquisite effect. It is a melancholy reflection that M. de Sévilly, whom his wife and Marie Antoinette combined to surprise with this chef d'œuvre, was guillotined, and that his wife, whose sitting-room it was, was condemned to die with him and with Madame Élisabeth de France, whom they had befriended, but was saved, against her will, by the princess, who made a false declaration as to her condition. She had two subsequent husbands, and lost them both in little more than two years. She herself lived less than five years after her delivery by the fall of Robespierre. There is no information as to Rousseau’s later life. The last known mention of him is in 1792.
ROUSSILLON, one of the old provinces of France. It now
forms the greater part of the department of Pyrénées
Orientales (q.v.). It was bounded S. by the Pyrenees, W. by the
county of Foix, N. by Languedoc and E. by the Mediterranean.
The province derived its name from a small place near Perpignan,
the capital, called Ruscino (Rosceliona, Castel Rossello),
where the Gallic chieftains met to consider Hannibal’s request
for a conference. The district formed part of the Roman
province of Gallia Narbonensis from 121 B.C. to A.D. 462, when
it was ceded with the rest of Septimania to Theodoric II., king
of the Visigoths. His successor, Amalaric, on his defeat by
Clovis in 531 retired to Spain, leaving a governor in Septimania.
In 719 the Saracens crossed the Pyrenees, and Septimania was
held by them until their defeat by Pippin in 756. On the
invasion of Spain by Charlemagne in 778 he found the borderlands
wasted by the Saracenic wars, and the inhabitants hiding
among the mountains. He accordingly made grants of land
to Visigothic refugees from Spain, and founded several monasteries,
round which the people gathered for protection. In
792 the Saracens again invaded France, but were repulsed by
Louis, king of Aquitaine, whose rule extended over all Catalonia
as far as Barcelona. The different portions of his kingdom in
time grew into allodial frets, and in 893 Suniaire II. became the
first hereditary count of Roussillon. But his rule only extended
over the eastern part of what became the later province. The
western part, or Cerdagne, was ruled in 900 by Miron as first
count, and one of his grandsons, Bernard, was the first hereditary
count of the middle portion, or Bésalu. In 1111 Raymond-Bérenger III.,
count of Barcelona, inherited the fief of Bésalu,
to which was added in 1117 that of Cerdagne; and in 1172 his
grandson, Alfonso II., king of Aragon, united Roussillon to his
other states on the death of the last count, Gerard II. The counts
of Roussillon, Cerdagne and Bésalu were not sufficiently powerful
to indulge in any wars of ambition. Their, energies had been
devoted to furthering the welfare of their people. Under the
Aragonese monarchs the progress of the united province still continued,
and Collioure, the port of Perpignan, became a centre of
Mediterranean trade. But the country was destined to pay the
penalty of its position on the frontiers of France and Spain
in the long struggle for ascendancy between these two powers.
By the treaty of Corbeil (1258) Louis IX. surrendered the sovereignty
of Roussillon and the ancient count ship of Barcelona to
Aragon, and from that time until the I7tl'i century the province
ceased to belong to France. James I. of Aragon had wrested
the Balearic Isles from the Moors and left them with Roussillon
to his son James (1276), with the title of king of Majorca.
The consequent disputes of this monarch with his brother
Pedro III. of Aragon were not lost sight of by Philip III. of
France in his quarrel with the latter about the crown of the
Two Sicilies. Philip espoused James’s cause and led his army
into Spain, but retreating died at Perpignan in 1285. James
then became reconciled to his brother, and in 1311 was succeeded
by his son Sancho, who founded the cathedral of Perpignan
shprtly before his death in 1324. His successor James II.
refused to do homage to Philip VI. of France for the seignior
of Montpellier, and applied to Pedro IV. of Aragon for aid.
Pedro not only refused it, but on various pretexts declared war
against him, and seized Majorca and Roussillon in 1344. The
province was now again united to Aragon, and enjoyed peace
until 1462. In this year the disputes between John II. and
his son about the crown of Navarre gave Louis XI. of France
an excuse to support John against his subjects, who had risen
in revolt. Louis turned traitor, and the province having been
pawned to him for 300,000 crowns, was occupied by the French
troops until 1493, when Charles VIII. restored it to Ferdinand
and Isabella. During the war between France and Spain
(1496–98) the people suliered equally from the Spanish garrisons
and the French invaders. But dislike of the Spaniards was
soon etiaced in the pride of sharing in the glory of Charles V.,
and in 1542, when Perpignan was besieged by the dauphin,
the Roussillonnais remained true to their allegiance. Afterwards
the decay of Spain was France’s opportunity, and on
the revolt of the Catalans against the Castilians in 1641,
Louis XIII. espoused- the cause of the former, and the treaty
of the Pyrenees in 1659 secured Roussillon to the French crown.
Bibliography.—Privilèges et titres relatifs aux franchises, institutions et propriétés communales du Roussillon et de la Cerdagne depuis le XI” siècle jusqu’en 1600 (1878); Auguste Brutails, Étude sur la condition des populations rurales du Roussillon an moyen âge (1891). See also the publications of the Société agricole, scientifique et littéraire des Pyrénées Orientales (1834 fol.).
ROUTH, EDWARD JOHN (1831–1907), English mathematician, was born at Quebec on the 20th of January 1831. At the age of eleven he came to England, and after studying under A. de Morgan at University College, London, entered Peterhouse, Cambridge, in 1851. In the mathematical tripos three years later he was senior Wrangler, beating J. Clerk Maxwell, who, however, tied with him for the Smith’s prize. Elected a fellow of his college, he devoted himself to teaching, and quickly- proved himself one of the most successful mathematical
“coaches ” ever known at Cambridge. In thirty
years, of some 700 pupils who passed through his hands 500 became Wranglers; and for twenty-two successive years, from 1861 to 1882, the senior Wrangler was trained by him. He made considerable contributions to scientific literature, and among his publications were: An Analytical View of Newton’s Principia, with Lord Brougham (1855); an Essay on the Stability of a given State of Motion, which won the Adams prize in 1877; and treatises on the Dynamics of Rigid Bodies, on Analytical Statics, and on the Dynamics of a Particle. He died at Cambridge on the 7th of June 1907.
ROUTH, MARTIN JOSEPH (1755–1854), English classical scholar, was born at South Elmham, Suffolk, on the 18th of September 1755. He was educated at Queen’s College, Oxford, and subsequently elected to a fellowship at Magdalen, of which society he became president in 1791. He died at Oxford on the 22nd of December 1854, and retained his physical and
intellectual powers to the last. He was the author of editions of the Euthydemus and Gorgias of Plato (1784), to which Dindorf
declared himself indebted for his first ideas of Greek criticism,
and of Bishop Burnet’s History of his Own Time (2nd ed., 1833)
and History of the Reign of King James the Second (1852).
Routh was also an authority on patriotic literature, his Reliquiae
Sacrae (2nd ed., 1846–48), a collection of the fragments
of the Fathers of the 2nd and 3rd centuries, and Scriptorum
ecclesiasticorum opuscula praecipua quaedam (2nd ed.,
1840) being valuable contributions to ecclesiastical knowledge.
See Gentleman’s Magazine, 1855; J. W. Burgon, Lives of Twelve Good Men (1888).
ROUTLEDGE, GEORGE (1812–1888), English publisher, was born at Brampton in Cumberland on the 23rd of September 1812. He gained his earliest experience of business with a bookseller at Carlisle. Proceeding to London in 1833, he started in business for himself as a bookseller in 1836, and as a publisher in 1843, making his first serious success by reprinting the Biblical commentaries of an American writer, Albert Barnes. His fame as a publisher, however, rests chiefly upon the enormous number of cheap books which he issued. A series of shilling volumes called the “Railway Library” was an immense success, including as it did Mrs Harriet Beecher Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin, and he also published in popular
