was martyred by the pagan Heruli in 477. The Franciscan church, with an elegant tower built in 1866, is an interesting example of the transition style of the 13th century, with later baroque additions. St Sebastian's, on the right bank, built in 1505-1512 and restored in 1812, contains the tomb of Paracelsus, who died here. The oldest and most important of the eight convents at Salzburg is the Benedictine abbey of St Peter founded by St Rupert as the nucleus of the city. It was completely rebuilt in 1131 and contains a library of 40,000 volumes, besides MSS. The Capuchin monastery, dating from 1599, gives name to the Capuzinerberg. The oldest nunnery is that founded on the Nonnberg by St Rupert, the Gothic church of which dates from 1423 and contains some fine stained glass and some old frescoes. The single Protestant church in Salzburg was not built until 1865. A theological seminary is the only relic now left of the university of Salzburg, founded in 1623 and suppressed in 1810. The city is the see of an archbishop with a cathedral chapter and a consistory. Salzburg, situated at an altitude of 1351 ft. above sealevel, has a healthy climate and is visited annually by over 60,000 tourists. It has a mean annual temperature of 46.4° F. and a mean annual rainfall of 45.59 in. The town carries on a variety of small manufactures, including musical instruments, iron-wares, marble ornaments. Other industries are brewing and book-binding. It was the birthplace of Mozart and of the painter Hans Makart (1840-1884). The house in which Mozart was born has been transformed into a museum, which contains many interesting relics.
Numerous places of interest and beautiful spots are to be found round Salzburg. To the E. rises the Gaisberg (4206 ft.), which is ascended by a rack-and-pinion railway, which starts from Parsch. At the foot of the Gaisberg is Aigen, a renowned castle and park. Three miles S. of Salzburg is the palace of Hellbrunn, built about 1615, which contains a famous mechanical theatre and some fine fountains. About 2 m. to the S.W. of Salzburg is the castle of Leopoldskron, and from this point the Leopoldskroner Moos stretches S. to the base of the Untersberg. A few peat-baths, as the Ludwigsbad and the Marienbad, are in the neighbourhood of Leopoldskron. Three and a half miles N. of Salzburg, at an altitude of 1720 ft., stands the pilgrimage church of Maria Plain, erected in 1674.
The origin and development of Salzburg were alike ecclesiastical, and its history is involved with that of the archbishopric to which it gave its name. The old Roman town of Iuvavum was laid in ruins, and the incipient Christianity of the district overwhelmed, by the pagan Goths and Huns. The nucleus of the present city was the monastery and bishopric founded here about 700 by St Rupert of Worms, who had been invited by Duke Theodo of Bavaria to preach Christianity in his land. The modern name of the town, due like several others in the district to the abundance of salt found there, appears before the end of the 8th century. After Charlemagne had taken possession of Bavaria in the 8th century, Bishop Arno of Salzburg was made an archbishop and papal legate. Thenceforward the dignity and power of the see steadily increased and in the course of time the archbishops obtained high secular honours. In 1278 Rudolph of Habsburg made them imperial princes.
The strife between lord and people was always keen in Salzburg. Archbishop Leonhard II., who expelled the Jews from Salzburg in 1498, had to face a conspiracy of the nobles and was besieged in Hohen-Salzburg by the inhabitants in 1511. The Peasants' War also raged within the see in 1525 and 1526, and was only quelled with the aid of the Swabian League. From the beginning an orthodox stronghold of the Roman Catholic faith, Salzburg energetically opposed the Reformation. Under Archbishop Wolfgang Dietrich (d. 1611) many Protestant citizens were driven from the town and their houses demolished. In spite, however, of rigorous persecution the new faith spread, and a new and more searching edict of expulsion was issued by Archbishop Leopold Anton von Firmian (d. 1744). The Protestants invoked the aid of Frederick William I. of Prussia, who procured for them permission to sell their goods and to emigrate; and in 1731 and 1732 Salzburg parted with about 30,000 industrious and peaceful citizens, about 6000 of these coming from the capital. The last independent archbishop was Hieronymus von Colloredo (1732-1812), who ruled with energy and justice but without gaining popularity.
By the peace of Lunéville (1802) the see was secularized and given to the archduke of Austria and grand-duke of Tuscany in exchange for Tuscany, its new owner being enrolled among the electoral princes. In the redistribution following the peace of Pressburg in 1805, Salzburg fell to Austria. Four years later it passed to Bavaria, 'but after the peace of Paris it was restored to Austria in 1816, except a portion on the left bank of the Salzach. Under the designation of a duchy the territory formed the department of Salzach in Upper Austria until 1849, when it was made a separate crown land, and finally in 1861 the management of its affairs was entrusted to a local diet. The actual duchy does not correspond exactly with the old bishopric. Salzburg embraced at the time of the peace of Westphalia (1648) an area of 3821 sq. m. with a population of 190,000. A part of its territory was ceded to Bavaria in 1814, and when Salzburg became 4 separate crown land in 1849 several of its districts were added to Tirol.
For the history of the archbishopric see Meiller, Regatta archiepiscoporum Salisburgensium, 1106–1246 (Vienna, 1866); Dümmler, Beiträge zur Geschichte des Erzbistums von Salzburg im 9-12 Jahrhundert (Vienna, 1859); the Salzburger Urkundenbuch, edited by W. Hauthaler (Salzburg, 1899); Pichler, Salzburgs Landesgeschichte (Salzburg, 1865); Doblhoff, Beiträge zum Quellenstudium Salzburgische Landeskunde (Salzburg, 1893–1895); Greinz, Die Erzdiözese Salzburg (Vienna, 1898); Rieder, Kurze Geschichte des Landes Salzburg (Vienna, 1905); E. Richter, Das Herzogtum Salzburg (1881); Thym, Das Herzogtum Salzburg (1901), and F. von Pichl, Kritische Abhandlungen über die älteste Geschichte Salzburgs (Innsbruck, 1889). For the town see Widmann, Geschichte Salzburgs (Gotha, 1907); F. von Zillner, Geschichte der Stadt Salzburg (Salzburg, 1885–1890); Trautwein, Salzburg (12th ed., Innsbruck, 1901); J. Meurer, Führer durch Salzburg (Vienna, 1889), and Purtscheller, Führer durch Salzburg und Umgebung (Salzburg, 1905). See also C. F. Arnold, Die Ausrottung dis Protestantismus in Salzburg unter Erzbischof Firmian (1900).
SALZKAMMERGUT, a district of Austria in the S.W. angle
of the duchy of Upper Austria situated between Salzburg and
Styria. It forms separate imperial domain of about 250 sq. m.
and is famous for its fine scenery, which has gained for it the
title of the “ Austrian Switzerland ”; but it owes its name
(literally “ salt-exchequer property ”) and its economic importance
to its valuable salt mines. It belongs to the region of the
Eastern Alps, and contains the Dachstein group with the Dachstein
(9830 ft.) and the Thorstein (9657 ft.). In the Dachstein
group are found the most easterly glaciers of the Alps, of which
the largest is the Karls-Eisfeld, nearly 2½ m. long and 1½ m.
broad; the Ischler Alps with the Gamsfeld (6640 ft.), the
Höllengebirge with the great Höllenkogel (6106 ft.), and the
Schafberg (5837 ft.), which is called the “ Austrian Rigi.” Then
comes the Todtes Gebirge, with the Grosser Priel (8246 ft.) and
the Traunstein (5446 ft.) on the E. shore of the Traun lake; the
Pyhrgas group with the Grosser Pyhrgas (7360 ft.) and the
Sengsen or Sensen group, with the Hoher Nock (6431 ft.). The
chief lakes are the Traun-see or Lake of Gmunden (1383 ft. above
sea-level, 9 sq. m. in extent, 623 ft. deep); the Hallstatter-see or
Lake of Hallstatt (1629 ft. above sea-level, 3½ sq. m. in extent,
409 ft. deep); the Atter-see or Kammer-see (1527 ft. abovesealevel,
18 sq. m. in extent, 560 ft. deep), the largest lake in
Austria; the Mond-see (1560 ft. above the sea, 9 sq. m. in
extent, 222 ft. deep) and the Aber-see or Lake of St Wolfgang
(1742 ft. above sea-level, 5½ sq. m. in extent, 369 ft. deep).
Salzkammergut had in 1900 a population of over 18,000. The
capital of the district is Gmunden, and other places of importance
are Ischl, Hallstatt and Ebensee (7656), which are important
salt-mining centres. The salt extracted in Salzkammergut
amounts to nearly 30% of the total Austrian production. Cattlerearing
and forestry form the other principal occupations of the
inhabitants.
See Kegele, Das Salzkammergut (Wien, 1897).
SALZWEDEL, a town in the Prussian province of Saxony, in a plain on the navigable Jeetze, a tributary of the Elbe, 32 m.
N.W. of Stendal and 106 m. by rail N.W. of Berlin, on the line
to Bremen. Pop. (1905) 11,122. Salzwedel is partly surrounded
by medieval walls and gates. The church of St Mary is a fine
Gothic structure of the 13th century with live naves and a lofty
spire. The old town hall, burnt down in 1895, has been replaced
by a modern edifice. The industries include linen and damask
weaving, tanning, brewing and the manufacture of pins, chemicals
and machinery, and a brisk river trade is carried on in agricultural
produce.
Salzwedel, formerly Soltwedel, was founded by the Saxons, and was from 1070 to 1170 the capital of the old or north Mark, also for a time called the “mark of Soltwedel,” the kernel of Brandenburg-Prussia. The old castle, perhaps founded by Charlemagne, was purchased in 1864 by the king of Prussia. Salzwedel was also a member of the Hanseatic League, and at the beginning of the 16th century seems to have transacted a great part of the inland commerce of North Germany.
See Pohlmann, Geschichte der Stadt Salzwedel (Halle, 1811), and Danneil, Geschichte der königlicheu Burg zu Salzwedel (Salzwedel, 1865).
SAMAIN, ALBERT VICTOR (1858–1900), French poet, was
born at Lille on the 4th of April 1858. He was educated at the
lycée of that town, and on leaving it entered a bank as a clerk.
He enjoyed no literary associations, and his talent developed
slowly in solitude. About 1884 Samain went to Paris, having
