The oil, obtained by distilling the wood in chips, is largely used as a perfume, few native Indian attars or essential oils being free from admixture with it. In the form of powder or paste the wood is employed in the pigments used by the Brahmans for their distinguishing caste-marks.
Red sandalwood, known also as red sanders wood, is the product of a small leguminous tree, Pterocarpus santalinus, native of S. India, Ceylon and the Philippine Islands. A fresh surface of the wood has a rich deep red colour, which on exposure, however, assumes a dark brownish tint. In medieval times red sandalwood possessed a high reputation in medicine, and it was valued as a colouring ingredient in many dishes. It is pharmacologically quite inert. Now it is little used as a colouring agent in pharmacy, its principal application being in wool-dyeing. Several other species of Pterocarpus, notably P. indicus, contain the same dyeing principle and can be used as substitutes for red sandalwood. The barwood and camwood of the Guinea Coast of Africa, from Baphia nitida or an allied species, called santal rouge d’Afrique by the French, are also in all respects closely allied to the red sandalwood of Oriental countries.
As a substitute for copaiba (q.v.), sandalwood oil, distilled from the wood of Santalum album, is more expensive and pleasanter to take, but it is less efficient, as it does not contain any analogue to the valuable resin in copaiba.
SANDARACH (Fr. sandaraque, Lat. sandaraca, Gr. σανδαράκη,
realgar or red sulphide of arsenic, cf. Pers. sandarus, Skt. sindura,
realgar), in mineralogy realgar or native arsenic disulphide,
but generally (a use found in Dioscorides) a resinous body
obtained from the small coniferous tree Callitris quadrivalvis,
native of the north-west regions of Africa, and especially characteristic
of the Atlas mountains. The resin, which is procured
as a natural exudation on the stems, and also obtained by
making incisions in the bark of the trees, comes into commerce
in the form of small round balls or elongated tears, transparent,
and having a delicate yellow tinge. It is a little harder than mastic,
for which it is sometimes substituted. It is also used as incense,
and by the Arabs medicinally as a remedy for diarrhoea. It has
no medicinal advantages over many of the resins employed in
modern therapeutics. An analogous resin is procured in China
from Callitris sinensis, and in S. Australia, under the name of
pine gum, from C. Reissii.
SANDBACH, a market town in the Crewe parliamentary
division of Cheshire, England, 5 m. N.E. of Crewe, on the London
& North-Western and North Staffordshire railways. Pop.
of urban district (1901) 5558. It lies on a head stream of the
small river Wheelock, a tributary of the Weaver. The parish
church of St Mary is Perpendicular, with a fine carved roof of the
17th century. A few old timbered houses, of the same period,
remain. In the market-place are two remarkable crosses covered
with rude carvings, and assigned by some to the 7th century,
being similar to those at Monasterboice and elsewhere in Ireland.
There are boot and shoe factories, chemical works and a manufactory
of fustians, with salt-works and iron-works in the adjacent
township of Wheelock.
SANDBERGER, KARL LUDWIG FRIDOLIN VON (1826–1898),
German palaeontologist and geologist, was born at Dillenburg,
Nassau, on the 22nd of November 1826. He was educated at
the universities of Bonn, Heidelberg and Giessen, at the last
of which he graduated Ph.D. in 1846. He then studied at the
university of Marburg, where he wrote his first essay, Übersicht
der geologischen Verhältnisse des Herzogtums Nassau (1847).
In 1849 he became curator of the Natural History Museum at
Wiesbaden, and began to study the Tertiary strata of the Mayence
Basin, and also the Devonian fossils of the Rhenish provinces,
on which he published elaborate memoirs. In 1855 he was
appointed professor of mineralogy and geology at the Polytechnic
Institute at Karlsruhe, and he took part in the geological
survey of Baden. From 1863 to 1896 he was professor of
mineralogy and geology at the university of Würzburg. His
great work Die Land- und Süsswasser-Conchylien der Vorwelt
was published in 1870–1875. Later he issued an authoritative
work on mineral veins, Untersuchungen über Erzgänge (1882–1885).
He died at Würzburg on the 11th of April 1898. His brother
Guido Sandberger (1821–1869) was an authority on fossil
cephalopoda, and together they published Die Versteinerungen
des rheinischen Schichtensystems in Nassau (1850–1856).
SANDBY, PAUL (1725–1809), English water-colour painter,
was born at Nottingham in 1725. In 1746 he was appointed by
the duke of Cumberland draughtsman to the -survey of the
Highlands. In 1752 he quitted this post and retired to Windsor,
where he occupied himself with the production of water-colour
drawings of scenery and architecture. Sir Joseph Banks commissioned
him to bring out in aquatint (a method of engraving
then peculiar to Sandby) forty-eight plates drawn during
a tour in Wales. Sandby displayed considerable power as a
caricaturist in his attempt to ridicule the opposition of Hogarth
to the plan for creating a public academy for the arts. In 1768
he was chosen a foundation-member of the Royal Academy and
appointed chief drawing-master to the Royal Military Academy
at Woolwich. He held this situation till 1799. Sandby is best
remembered, however, by his water-colour paintings. They
are topographical in character, and, while they want the richness
and brilliancy of modern water-colour, he nevertheless impressed
upon them the originality of his mind. His etchings, such as the
Cries of London and the illustrations to Ramsay's Gentle Shepherd,
and his plates, such as those to Tasso's Jerusalem Delivered,
are numerous and carefully executed. He died in London on
the 9th of November 1809.
SANDEAU, LÉONARD SYLVAIN JULIEN [Jules] (1811–1883),
French novelist, was born at Aubusson (Creuse) on the
19th of February 1811. He was sent to Paris to study law, but
spent much of his time with unruly students. He met Madame
Dudevant (George Sand) at Le Coudray in the house of a friend,
and when she came to Paris in 1831 she joined Sandeau. The
intimacy did not last long, but it produced Rose et Blanche
(1831), a novel written in common under the pseudonym Jules
Sand, from which George Sand took the idea of her famous
nom de guerre.
Sandeau continued for nearly fifty years to produce novels and to collaborate in plays. His best works are Marianna (1839), in which he draws a portrait of George Sand; Le Docteur Herbeau (1841); Catherine (1845); Mademoiselle de la Seiglière (1848), a successful picture of society under Louis Philippe, dramatized in 1851; Madeleine (1848); La Chasse au roman (1849); Sacs et parchemins (1851); La Maison de Penarvan (1858); La Roche aux mouettes (1871). The famous play of Le Gendre de M. Poirier is one of several which he wrote with Émile Augier—the novelist usually contributing the story and the dramatist the theatrical working up. Meanwhile Sandeau had been made conservateur of the Mazarin library in 1853, elected to the Academy in 1858, and next year appointed librarian of St Cloud. At the suppression of this latter office, after the fall of the empire, he was pensioned. He died on the 24th of April 1883. He was never a very popular novelist, and the quiet grace of his style, and his refusal to pander to the popular taste in the morals and incidents of his novels, may have disqualified him for popularity.
See G. Planche, Portraits littéraires (1849), vol. i.; J. Clarétie, J. Sandeau (1883); F. Brunetière in the Revue des deux rondes (1887).
SAND-EEL, or Sand-Launce. The fishes known under these
names form a small family (Amrmodytidae) now included with
the Scombresocidae in the sub-order Percesoces. They were
formerly placed in the Anacanthini and supposed to be allied
to the Gadidae, but a fossil form Cobitopsis has recently been
described in which the pelvic fins are present, and are abdominal
in position as in Belone and Scombresox.
Their body is of an elongate-cylindrical shape, with the head terminating in a long conical snout, the projecting lower jaw forming the pointed end. A low long dorsal fin, in which no distinction between spines and rays can be observed, occupies nearly the whole length of the back, and a long anal, composed of similar short and delicate rays, commences immediately behind the vent, which is placed about midway between the head and caudal fin. The caudal is forked and the pectorals are short. The total absence of ventral fins indicates the burrowing habits of these fishes. The scales, when present, are very small; but generally the development of scales has only proceeded to the formation of oblique folds of the integuments. The eyes are lateral and of moderate size; the dentition is quite rudimentary.
Sand-eels are small littoral marine fishes, only one species attaining a length of 18 in. (Ammodytes lanceolatus). They live in shoals at various depths on a sandy bottom, and bury themselves in the sand on the slightest alarm. Other shoals live in deeper water. When they are surprised by fish of prey or porpoises they are frequently driven to the surface in such dense masses that numbers of them
can be scooped out of the water with a bucket or hand-net. Sand-