ST IVES, a market town, municipal borough and seaport in the St Ives parliamentary division of Cornwall, England, 10 m. N.N.E. of Penzance, on a branch of the Great Western railway. Pop. (1901) 6699. It lies near the W. horn of St Ives Bay on the N. coast. The older streets near the harbour are narrow and irregular, but on the upper slopes there are modern terraces with good houses. The small harbour, protected by a breakwater, originally built by John Smeaton in 1767, has suffered from the accumulation of sand, and at the lowest tides is dry. The fisheries for pilchard, herring and mackerel are important. Boat-building and sail-making are carried on. An eminence south of the town is marked by a granite monument erected in 1782 by John Knill, a native of the town, who intended to be buried here; to maintain a quinquennial celebration on the spot he bequeathed property to the town authorities. The borough is under a mayor, 4 aldermen and 12 councillors. Area, 1890 acres.
The town takes name from St Hya, or Ia, an Irish virgin and martyr, who is said to have accompanied St Piran on his missionary journey to Cornwall in the 5th century, and to have landed near this place. The Patent Rolls disclose an almost continuous series of trials for piracy and plunder by St Ives sailors from the beginning of the 14th to the end of the 16th century. A mere chapelry of Lelant and the less important member of the distant manor of Ludgvan Leaze, which in Domesday Book appears as Luduam, it had no fostering hand to minister to its growth. In order to augment the influence of the Tudors in the House of Commons, Philip and Mary in 1558 invested it with the privilege of returning 2 members. Its affairs were at that time administered by a head warden, who after 1598 appears under the name of port reeve, 12 chief burgesses and 24 ordinary burgesses. The port reeve was elected by the 24; the 12 by the chief inhabitants. This body had control over the fishing, the harbour and harbour dues, the fabric of the church, sanitation and the poor. In 1639 a charter of incorporation was granted under which the portreeve became mayor, the 12 became aldermen, and the 24 were styled burgesses. Provision was made for four fairs and for markets on Wednesdays and Saturdays, also for a grammar school. This charter was surrendered to Charles II. and a new one granted in 1685, the latter reducing the number of aldermen to 10 and of burgesses also to 10. It ratified the parliamentary franchise and the fairs and markets, and provided a court of pie-powder; it also contained a clause safeguarding the rights of the marquess of Winchester, lord of the manor of Ludgvan Leaze and Porthia. In 1835 a mayor, 4 aldermen and 12 councillors were invested with the administration of the borough. In 1832 St Ives lost one of its members, and in 1885 the other. Both markets are now held, but only one of the fairs. This takes place on the Saturday nearest St Andrew's day.
ST IVES, a market town and municipal borough in the northern
parliamentary division of Huntingdonshire, England, mainly
on the left (north) bank of the Ouse, 5 m. E. of Huntingdon by
the Great Eastern railway. Pop. (1901) 2910. The river is
crossed by an old bridge said to have been built by the abbots of
Ramsey early in the 15th century. A building over the centre
pier of the bridge was once 'used as a chapel. The causeway
(1827) on the south side of the river is built on arches so as to
assist the flow of the river in time of flood. The church of All
Saints is Perpendicular, with earlier portions. A curious custom
is practised annually in this church in connexion with a bequest
made by a certain Dr Robert Wilde in 1678: it is the distribution
of Bibles to six boys and six girls of the town. The original
provision was that the Bibles should be cast for by dice on the
Communion table. Oliver Cromwell was a resident in St Ives
in 1634–1635, but the house which he inhabited—Slepe Hall—was
demolished in the middle of the 19th century. St Ives has
a considerable agricultural trade. It is governed by a mayor,
4 aldermen and 12 councillors. Area 2326 acres.
The manor of “ Slepe ” is said to have been given by Athelstan “ Mannessune ” to the abbot of Ramsey and confirmed to him by King Edgar. It owed its change of name to the supposed discovery of the grave of St Ive, a Persian bishop, in 1001, and a priory was founded in the same year by Abbot Ednoth as a cell to Ramsey. St Ives was chiefly noted for its fair, which was first granted to the abbot of Ramsey by Henry I. to be held on Monday in Easter week and eight days following. In the reign of Henry III. merchants from Flanders came to the fair, which had become so important that the king granted it to be continued beyond the eight days if the abbot agreed to pay a farm of £50 yearly for the extra days. The fair, with a market on Monday granted to the abbot in 1286, survives, and was purchased in 1874 by the corporation from the duke of Manchester. The town was incorporated in 1874.
ST JEAN-D'ANGÉLY, a town of western France, capital of an
arrondissement in the department of Charente-Inférieure,
33 m. E. of Rochefort by rail. Pop. (1906) 6242. St Jean lies
on the right bank of the Boutonne, which is navigable for small
vessels. The parish church of St lean stands on the site of an
abbey church of the 13th century, of which some remains are
left. In 1568 the monastery was destroyed by the Huguenots,
but much of it was rebuilt in the 17th and 18th centuries, to which
period belong two towers and the facade of an unfinished church.
St Jean owes the suffix of its name to the neighbouring forest of Angéry (Angeriacum). Pippin I. of Aquitaine in the 9th century established there a Benedictine monastery which was afterwards reputed to possess the head of John the Baptist. This relic attracted hosts of pilgrims; a town grew up, took the name of St Jean d'angers, afterwards d'Angély, was fortified in 1131, and in 1204 received a charter from Philip Augustus. The possession of the place was disputed between French and English in the Hundred Years' War, and between Catholics and Protestants at a later date. In 1569 it capitulated to the duke of Anjou (afterwards Henry III.). Louis XIII. again took it from the Protestants in 1621 and deprived it of its privileges and its very name, which he changed to Bourg-Louis.
ST JEAN-DE-LUZ, a coast town of south-western France,
in the department of Basses-Pyrénées, at the mouth of the
Nivelle, 14 m. S.W. of Bayonne on a branch of the Southern
railway. Pop. (1906) 3424. St Jean-de-Luz is situated in the
Basque country on thebay of St Jean-de-Luz, the entrance to
which is protected by breakwaters and moles. It has a 13th-century
church, the chief features of which are the galleries
in the nave, which, according to the Basque custom, are reserved
for men. The Maison Lohobiague, the Maison de l'Infante
(both 17th cent.), and the hôtel de ville (1657) are picturesque
old buildings. St Jean is well known for its bathing and as a
winter resort. Fishing is a considerable industry.
From the 14th to the 17th century St Jean-de-Luz enjoyed a prosperity due to its mariners and fishermen. Its vessels were the first to set out for Newfoundland in 1520. In 1558, owing to the depredations of its privateers, the Spaniards attacked and burned the town. In 1627, however, it was able to equip 80 vessels, which succeeded in saving the island of Ré from the duke of Buckingham. In 1660 the treaty of the Pyrenees was signed at St Jean-de-Luz, and was followed by the marriage there of the lnfanta Maria Theresa and Louis XIV. At that time the population numbered 15,000. The cession of Newfoundland to England in 1713, the loss of Canada, and the silting-up of the harbour were the three causes which contributed to the decline of the town.
ST JOHN, CHARLES WILLIAM GEORGE (1809–1856),
English naturalist and sportsman, son of General the Hon.
Frederick St John, second son of Frederick, second Viscount
Bolingbroke, was born on the 3rd of December 1809. He was
educated at Midhurst, Sussex, and about 1828 obtained a clerkship
in the treasury, but resigned in 1834, in which year he
married a lady with some fortune. He ultimately settled in
the “ Laigh ” of Moray, “ within easy distance of mountain
sport.” In 1853 a paralytic seizure deprived him of the use of his
limbs, and for the benefit of his health he removed to the south of
England. He died at Woolston, near Southampton, on the
22nd of July 1856. His works are Wild Sports and Natural
History of the Highlands (1846, 2nd ed. 1848, 3rd ed. 1861);
Tour in Sutherland (1849, 2nd ed., with recollections by Captain
H. St John, 1884); Notes of Natural History and Sport in
Morayshire, with Memoir by C. Innes (1863, 2nd ed. 1884). They
are written in a graphic style, and illustrated with engravings,
many of them from clever pen-and-ink sketches of his own.
ST JOHN, JAMES AUGUSTUS (1801–1875), British author
and traveller, was born in Carmarthenshire, Wales on the 24th
