work in two volumes); also Max jahns, Gesch. der Kriegswissenschaften, iii. 2154; Weise, Schamhorst und die Durchfiihrung der allgemeinen Wehrpflicht (1892); A. von Holleben, Der Frithiahr.§ § ldzug, 1813 (1905); and F. N. Maude, The Leipzig Campaign 1908).
SCHAUMBURG-LIPPE, a principality forming part of the
German Empire, consisting of the western half of the old count ship
of Schaumburg, and surrounded by Westphalia, Hanover and the
Prussia.n part of Schaumburg. Area, 131 sq. m. Its northern
extremity is occupied by a lake named the Steinhuder Meer. The
southern part is hilly (Wesergebirge), but the remainder consists
of a fertile plain. Besides husbandry, the inhabitants practise
yarn-spinning and linen-weaving, and the coal-mines of the
Biickeberg, on the south-eastern border, are very productive.
The great bulk of the population (in rgo 5, 44, QQ2), are Lutherans.
The capital is Biickeburg, and Stadthagen is the only other town.
Under the constitution of 1868 there is a legislative diet of I5
members, IO elected by the towns and rural districts and 1 each
by the nobility, clergy and educated classes, the remaining 2
nominated by the prince. Schaumburg-Lippe sends one member to
the Bundesrat (federal council) and one deputy to the reichstag.
The annual revenue and expenditure amount each to about
£4I, OOO. The public debt is about £23,000.
SCHEDULE, originally a written strip or leaf of paper or
parchment, a label or ticket, especially when attached to another
document, as explaining or adding to its contents, hence any
additional detailed statement such as cannot conveniently
be embodied in the main statement. The word occurs first
(14th century) as cedule, or sedule, representing the Fr. cedule
(mod. cédule, cf. Ital. cedola, Ger. Zettel, &c.), which is derived
from Late Lat. scedula or schedula, dim. of sceda, a written strip
of parchment (late Gr. 0'Xé61']), probably from scindere, to cleave,
cf. scindala, a shingle. The original pronunciation in English was
sedule, the modern pronunciation is shedule; American usage
has gone back to the original Latin or Greek, and adopts
skedule.
SCHEELE, KARL WILHELM (1742-1786), Swedish chemist,
was born at Stralsund, the capital of Pomerania, which then
belonged to Sweden, on the 19th of December 1742. He was
apprenticed at the age of fourteen to an apothecary in Gothenburg,
with whom he stayed for eight years. His spare time and
great part of his nights were devoted to the experimental examination
of the different bodies which he dealt with, and the
study of the standard works on chemistry. He thus acquired
a large store of knowledge and great practical skill and manipulative
dexterity. In 1765 he removed to Malmo, and in 1768 to
Stockholm. While there he wrote an account of his experiments
with cream of tartar, from which he had isolated tartaric acid, and
sent it to T. O. Bergman, the leading chemist in Sweden. Bergman
somehow neglected it, and this caused for a time a reluctance
on Scheele's part to become acquainted with that savant, but
the paper, through the instrumentality of Anders Iohann
Retzius (1742-1821), was ultimately communicated to the
Academy of Sciences at Stockholm. He left Stockholm in 1770
and took up his residence at Upsala, where through the agency
of Johann Gottlieb Gahn (1745-1818), assessor of mines at Fahlun,
he made the personal acquaintance of Bergman. A friendship,
of mutual advantage, soon sprang up between the two men, and
it has been said that Scheele was Bergman's greatest discovery.
In 177 5, the year in which he was elected into the Stockholm
Academy of Sciences, he left Stockholm for Koping, a small
place on Lake Malar, where he became provisor and subsequently
proprietor of a pharmacy. The business, however, was not what
he had been led to expect, and it took him several years to put it
on a sound footing. Yet in spite of his business cares he found
time for an extraordinary amount of original research, and every
year he published two or three papers, most of which contained
some discovery or observation of importance. His unremitting
work, it is said, especially at night, exposing him to cold and
draughts, induced a. rheumatic attack which brought about his
death. He had intended, as soon as his circumstances permitted
him, 'to marry the widow of his predecessor, but his illness
increased so rapidly that it was only on his death-bed, on the 19th
of May 1786, that he carried out his design. Two days laterhe
died, leaving his Wife what property he had acquired.
Scheele's power as an experimental investigator has seldom if
ever been surpassed, and his accuracy is most remarkable when
his primitive apparatus, his want of assistance, his place of
residence, and the undeveloped state of chemical and physical
science in his time, are all taken into account. Research was
at once his occupation and his relaxation, and his natural endowments
were cultivated by unceasing practice and unwearied
attention. Study of his original papers shows that his discoveries
were not made at haphazard, but were the outcome
of experiments carefully planned to verify inferences already
drawn, and successfully designed to settle the point at issue in the
simplest and most direct manner. He left nothing in doubt if
experiment would decide it, and he evidently did not consider
that he had fully investigated any compound until he could both
unmake and remake it. His record as a discoverer of new substances
is probably unequalled. The analysis of manganese
dioxide in 1774 led him to the discovery of chlorine and baryta;
to the description of various salts of manganese itself, including the
manganates and permanganate's, and to the explanation of its
action in colouring and decolorizing glass. In 1 77 5 he investigated
arsenic acid and its reactions, discovering arseniuretted hydrogen
and “ Scheele's green 'f (copper arsenite), a process for preparing
which on a large scale he published in 1778. Papers published
in 1776 were concerned with quartz, alum and clay and with the
analysis of calculus vesicae from which for the first time he obtained
uric acid. In 1778 he proposed a new methodof making calomel
and powder of algaroth, and he got molybdic acid from mineral
molybdaena nitens which he carefully distinguished from ordinary
molybdena (plumbago or black lead of commerce). In the following
year he showed that plumbago consists essentially of carbon,
and he published a record of estimations of the proportions of
oxygen in the atmosphere, which he had carried on daily during
the whole of 1778-three years before Cavendish. In 1780 he
proved that the acidity of sour milk is due to what was afterwards
called lactic acid; and by boiling milk sugar with nitric
acid he obtained mucic acid. His next discovery, in 1781, was
the composition of the mineral tungsten, since called scheelite
(calcium tungstate), from which he obtained tungstic acid.
In 1782 he published some experiments on the formation of ether,
and in 1783 examined the properties of glycerin, which he had
discovered seven years before. About the same time he showed
by a wonderful series of experiments that the colouring matter
of Prussian blue could not be produced without the presence
of a substance of the nature of an acid, to which the name of
prussic acid was ultimately given; and he described the composition,
properties and compounds of this body, and even
ascertained its smell and taste, quite unaware of its poisonous
character. In the last years of his life he returned to the vegetable
acids, and investigated citric, malic, oxalic and gallic acids. His
only book, on Air and Fire, was published in 1777, but was
written some years before. The manuscript was 'in the hands
of the printers in 1775, and most of the experimental work' for
it was done before 177 3. Although it starts from the erroneous
basis of the phlogistic theory, it contains much matter of permanent
value. One of the chief observations recorded in it is that
the atmosphere is composed of two gases-one which supports
combustion and the other which prevents it. The former,
“ fire-air, ” or oxygen, he prepared from “acid of nitre, ” from
saltpetre, from black oxide of manganese, from oxide of mercury
and other substances, and there is little doubt but that he
obtained it independently a considerable time before Priestley.
Incidentally in 1777 Scheele prepared sulphuretted hydrogen,
and noted the chemical action of light on silver compounds and
other substances.
A list of Scheele's papers is given' in Poggendorff's Biographischliterarisches Handwdrterbuch (Leipzig, 1863). They we recollected and published in French as Mémoires de chymie (Paris, 1785-1788); in English as Chemical Essays, by Thomas Beddoes (London, 1786); in Latin as Opuscula, translated by Schafer, edited by Hebenstreit (Leipzig, 1788-1789); and in German as Sammtliche Werke, edited
