Page:EB1911 - Volume 24.djvu/552

Fig. 5.—Scattered Nerve Ganglion Cells. c, From the subumbrella of Aurelia aurita. (After Schäfer.)

The ocelli vary greatly both as regards number and complexity of structure. In some genera they are absent, as, for instance, in Pelagia, Cyanea and Rhizostoma. In Aurelia there are two on each rhopalium, a simple ocellus on the exumbral side, and a cupped ocellus on the subumbral side (not present in young individuals). In Charybdaea there are no less than six ocelli on each of the four rhopalia (fig. 7); on the exumbral aspect there are two median ocelli (oc¹, oc²), a distal and a proximal, each of them a vesiculate ocellus with a lens, and on the sides of the rhopalium are two pairs of ocelli without lenses (oc.l); sometimes also an additional seventh ocellus occurs, a pit-like structure without a lens either between the two median ocelli, or placed asymmetrically near the median proximal ocellus.

Fig. 6.—Tentaculocyst and Marginal Lappets of Aurelia aurita. (After Eimer.)
In the left-hand figure—
ML,	Marginal lappets.
T,	Tentaculocyst.
A,	Superior or aboral olfactory pit.
MT,	Marginal tentacles of the disc. The view is from the aboral surface, magnified about 50 diameters.
In the right-hand figure—
A,	Superior or aboral olfactory pit.
B,	Inferior or adoral olfactory pit.
H,	Bridge between the two marginal lappets forming the hood.
T,	Tentaculocyst.
End,	Endoderm.
Ent,	Canal of the enteric system continued into the tentaculocyst.
Con,	Endodermal concretion (auditory).
oc,	Ectodermal pigment (ocellus). The drawing represents a section, taken in a radial vertical plane so as to pass through the long axis of the tentaculocyst.

The ocelli consist, as in Hydromedusae, of two kinds of elements: (1) visual cells, sensory ectodermal cells, which may develop terminal visual cones; (2) pigment-cells, usually ectodermal, but in one known instance endodermal. The simplest type of ocellus is exemplified by the exumbral ocellus of Aurelia, a simple patch of pigment-cells interspersed with visual cells, the whole on a level with the remaining ectodermal epithelium. In the next stage of complication, seen in the supernumerary (seventh) ocellus of Charybdaea, the patch of pigmented and sensory epithelium is pushed in to form a little pit, in the interior of which the pigment-cells secrete a gelatinous substance forming a rudimentary vitreous body. As a further advance, the pit becomes widened out into a cup, as in the lateral ocelli of Charybdaea. The culminating stage of evolution is seen in the median ocelli of Charybdaea (fig. 8); the primitively open cup has now closed over to form a vesicle lying beneath the ectoderm; the outer wall of the vesicle becomes thickened to form a cellular lens (l), while the proximal wall consists of sensory and pigmented cells and forms a retina. In this way the ocellus becomes a true eye, very similar in plan to the eyes of Gastropods and other molluscs. The ectoderm continued over the optic vesicle forms a transparent cornea (fig. 8, c) (better perhaps termed a conjunctiva), below which the spherical lens projects into the optic vesicle, imbedded in the vitreous humour (v.b) which fills it; the retina (r) consists of visual cells with long cones (fig. 9) alternating with pigment-cells. The high development of the eyes of Charybdaea is very remarkable, and so is their close resemblance to the eyes found in other groups of the animal kingdom, with which they can have no genetic relation. Highly developed eyes, with ectodermal pigment and lens, are found also on the rhopalia of Paraphyllina (Maas [8]).

The subumbral ocellus of Aurelia is found to be of the inverted type, with the visual cones turned away from the light, as in Tiaropsis amongst Hydromedusae, and here also the pigment is furnished by the endoderm, forming a cup into which the ectodermal visual cells project (Schewiakoff [13]).

After Wladimir Schewiakoff, simplified from a coloured plate in Morphologisches Jahrbuch, xv., 1889, by permission of Wilhelm Engelmann.
Fig. 7.—Tentaculocyst of Charybdaea marsupialis, seen from the right side.
st,	Stalk.
oc¹, oc²,	Distal and proximal median ocelli.
oc.l,	Lateral ocelli.
otol,	Otoliths (“crystal-sac”).

In the Stauromedusae tentaculocysts are either absent altogether, as in Lucernaria, or represented by peculiar structures termed “colletocystophores” or “marginal anchors” (fig. 1, IV.). Each such body has a basal hollow portion (en) surmounted by a glandular cushion (kl), from the centre of which projects a small, solid, club-shaped process or tentacle (t′). The basal portion bears an ocellus (oc) of simple structure, The distal club corresponds to the crystal-sac of an ordinary rhopalium, but bears a battery of nematocysts in place of the otoliths. These organs are said to be used for purposes of adherence rather than to have the function of sense organs. The histological structure of the Scyphomedusae is in the main similar to that of the Hydromedusae (q.v.), but the mesogloea is more abundantly developed in the free-swimming forms, and contains special mesogloeal corpuscles, derived by immigration from the ectoderm, an generally occurring in the form of stellate or bipolar cells.

Development of the Scyphomedusae.—No adult Scyphomedusae are known to reproduce themselves by budding or by any method other than the sexual one. The course of the development in this group is best made clear by taking as a type Aurelia, which, together with certain other common genera, such as Chrysaora and Cotylorhiza, has been studied in detail. Unfortunately the statements concerning some points are very contradictory.

Combined from three figures by Wladimir Schewiakoff in Morphologisches Jahrbuch, xv., 1889, by permission of Wilhelm Engelmann.

Fig. 8.—Vertical section of the Median Distal Ocellus (oc¹ of the preceding figure) of Charybdaea. c, Cornea; l, lens; v.b., vitreous body; r, retina.

The ova pass out of the mouth and are fertilized externally. In some cases the ova, after leaving the mouth, are lodged in the oral arms, and undergo the earliest phases of their development in this situation, accumulating in the grooves that continue the angles of the mouth, and bulging the wall of the groove into sacs or pockets.