Seoul has some wide streets of shops, hundreds of narrow alleys, and is very fairly clean. It has an electric tramway 4 m. long, and is the centre of the railway system of the country.
SEPIA (Gr. σηπία, cuttlefish), a deep brown pigment obtained
from the ink-sacs of various species of cuttlefish (q.v.). To
obtain sepia. the ink-sac, immediately on the capture of the
animal, is extracted from the body and speedily dried to prevent
putrefaction. The contents are subsequently powdered, dissolved
in caustic alkali, and precipitated from the solution by neutralizing
with acid. The precipitate after washing with water is
ready to make up into any form required for use.
Sepia-bone or cuttle-bone consists of the internal “ shell " or skeleton of Sepia officinalis and other allied species. It is an oblong convex structure from 4 to 10 in. in length and 1 to 3 in. in greatest width, consisting internally of a highly porous cellular mass of calcium carbonate with some animal matters covered by a hard thin glassy layer. It is used principally as a polishing material and for tooth powder, and also as a moulding material for fine castings in precious metals.
SEPOY, the usual English spelling of sipāhī, the Persian and
Urdu term for a soldier of any kind, cf. spahi. The word sipāh,
“ army,” from which sipāhi, “ soldier,” is derived, corresponds
to the Zend çpādha, Old Persian çpāda, and has also found a
home in the Turkish, Kurdish and Pashto (Pushtu) languages
(see Justi, Handbuch der Zendsprache, p. 303, 6), while its derivative
is used in all Indian vernaculars, including Tamil and
Burmese, to denote a native soldier, in contradistinction to gord,
“ a fair-complexioned (European) soldier.” A sepoy is at the
present day strictly a private soldier in the native infantry of
the Indian army.
SEPPINGS, SIR ROBERT (1767–1840), English naval architect,
was born at Fakenham, Norfolk, in 1767, and in 1782 was
apprenticed in Plymouth dockyard. In 1800, when he had risen
to be master shipwright assistant in the yard, he invented a
device which, as compared with the laborious process of lifting
then in vogue, greatly reduced the time required for effecting
repairs to the lower portions of ships in dry dock. His plan was
to make the keel of the ship rest upon a series of supports placed
on the floor of the dock and each consisting of three parts—two
being wedges arranged one on each side of the keel at right
angles to it, with their thin ends together, while the third was a
vertical wedge fitting in and supported by the lower pair. The
result was that it became possible in a comparatively short time
to remove these supporting structures by knocking out the side
wedges, when the workmen gained free access to the whole of
the keel, the vessel remaining suspended by the shores. For
this invention Seppings received £1000 from the Admiralty, and
in 1804 was promoted to be a master shipwright at Chatham.
There, in spite of the repugnance to innovation displayed by
the naval authorities of that period, he was able to introduce
important improvements in the methods of ship-construction.
In particular he increased the longitudinal strength of the
vessels by a system of diagonal bracing, and modified the design
of the bows and stern, so that they became stronger, not only
offering better protection than the old forms to the crews against
the enemy's fire, but also permitting a powerful armament to be
fitted. Seppings, who received a knighthood in 1819, was appointed
surveyor of the navy in 1813, and held that office till
his retirement in 1832. He died at Taunton on the 25th of
September 1840.
SEPSIS (Gr. σῆψις, putrefaction), or Septic Infection, a
term applied in medicine and surgery to indicate the resultant
infection of a wound or sore by micro-organisms or by their
products. Under this general heading come three great constitutional
diseases, differing radically from each other in their
aetiology and pathology: sapraemia, septicaemia and pyaemia.
Sapraemia (Gr. σαπρός, rotten, αἷμα, blood), or septic intoxication, is the result of the absorption of a dose of the toxins produced by micro-organisms from some area of infection without the entrance of the micro-organisms themselves into the blood. This condition was for a long time confounded with septicaemia, but is distinguished from it in being a chemical intoxication. The blood in sapraemia if injected into an animal is incapable of reproducing the disease as in septicaemia. Any condition in which there is a mass of decomposing tissue in the neighbourhood of an unhealed wound may give rise to sapraemia. In surgical practice it may be met with in large, deep and badly drained wounds where a quantity of petrifying material is pent up. When it arises in connexion with wounds accidentally received, it may be unavoidably due to the dirty state of the skin or to foreign bodies entering the wound. Absorption of toxins is notably frequent in portions of decomposing placental tissue which may accidentally have remained behind in the uterus after childbirth, and may give rise to puerperal sapraemia. Sapraemia is acute or subacute directly according to the amount of toxin absorbed. By some writers it is divided as follows: (1) Hectic fever is a chronic blood poisoning with continual absorption of small doses of the toxins. This variety usually arises in long-continued suppuration of bones and joints, and in decomposition occurring in a pulmonary cavity. The marked symptom is a sharp rise of temperature in the evenings; the face becomes fiushed and the pulse rapid. After profuse sweating the temperature drops. Diarrhoea and wasting are a usual accompaniment. (2) Septic traumatic fever is a slight form which may follow burns or compound fractures and which tends to subside in a few days. (3) In acute septic intoxication large amounts of the poison are absorbed. It generally starts with a severe rigor followed by a. continuous high temperature, dry tongue, rapid pulse and severe headache, together with nausea and vomiting, and in the later stages diarrhoea. If the case be a severe one rapid prostration speedily comes on with low muttering delirium, the temperature, may fall to subnormal, and a gradually deepening coma may end in death; other cases pass into a typically “ typhoid state,” death occurring from exhaustion at the end of about a week. (4) Amyloid (Gr. ἄμυλον, starch, εἶδος, form), or lardaceous disease, usually of the liver, spleen, kidneys or other organs, is one of the results of long-continued septic intoxication. A substance derived from the breaking down of pus and tissue cells is carried in the blood and deposited in the connective tissue of the coats of the smaller arteries, and the viscera become infiltrated with a material looking like lard. The liver and spleen, being the organs most usually affected, become immensely enlarged.
No form of septic infection yields so easily to treatment as sapraemia. The prompt removal of the cause of septic absorption, the flushing out of the wound with weak antiseptic solutions, in order to mechanically remove any decomposing masses, and the establishment of proper drainage in deep wounds, is usually followed by a fall in temperature and an improvement in the general condition. A strong, preferably mercurial, purgative should be given to aid in the elimination of toxic material. For the same purpose the injection into the veins or into the cellular tissue of large quantities of normal saline solution is useful. Heart depression should be overcome by diffusible stimulants and hypodermic injections of strychnine. When the wound has become “ surgically clean ” recovery is usually rapid.
Septicaemia is an acute infective disease differing from sapraemia in that the micro-organisms themselves are absorbed, entering the general circulation, and may on examination be found in greater or lesser number in the blood-stream itself. The organism or organisms grow and reproduce themselves in the blood or tissues. A number of different organisms have been isolated from the blood-stream in cases of septicemia. The most frequently found is the Streptococcus pyogenes, which is present in 50% of the cases and is common in puerperal septicaemia and in ulcerative endocarditis. The Staphylococcus pyogenes aureus et albus is also a frequent cause, but sometimes septicaemia may be due to other pathogenic microbes such as the Pneumococcus, the Bacillus coli communis, Bacillus pyocyaneus, Bacillus oedematis maligni and the Gonococcus. The micro-organisms are conveyed by the blood-stream to different parts of the body, in which as in the original wound itself they both multiply and set up factories for the production of toxins. The disease commonly follows blows or wounds which have
