Seminary. His health failed in 1874 and he died in New York City on the 7th of February 1877. Of the old school of the “New England Theology,” Smith was one of the foremost leaders of the new school Presbyterians. His theology is most strikingly contained in the Andover address, “Relations of Faith and Philosophy,” which was delivered before the Porter Rhetorical Society in 1849. He always made it clear that the ideal philosophy was Christocentric: he said that Reformed theology must “ ‘Christologize’ predestination and decrees, regeneration and sanctification, the doctrine of the Church, and the whole of the Eschatology.”
His son Henry Goodwin Smith (b. 1860) was pastor of the Freehold (New Jersey) Presbyterian Church in 1886–1896, and from 1897 to 1903 was professor of systematic theology in Lane Theological Seminary.
From notes of his lectures, William S. Karr prepared two volumes of Dr Smith’s theological writings, Introduction to Christian Theology (1883) and System of Christian Theology (1884). Dr Smith contributed articles on Calvin, Kant, Pantheism, Miracles, Reformed Churches, Schelling and Hegel to the American Cyclopaedia, and contributed to McClintock and Strong’s Cyclopaedia; and was editor of the American Theological Review (1859 sqq.), both in its original form and after it became the American Presbyterian and Theological Review and, later, the Presbyterian Quarterly and Princeton Review.
See E. L. (Mrs H. B.) Smith, Henry Boynton Smith, His Life and Works (New York, 1881), and Lewis F. Stearns, Henry Boynton Smith (Boston, 1892), in the American Religious Leaders series.
SMITH, SIR HENRY GEORGE WAKELYN, Bart. (1787–1860),
British general, son of John Smith, surgeon, of Whittlesey,
Cambridgeshire, was born at that place on the 28th of June 1787.
Harry Smith—for throughout life he adopted the more familiar
form of his Christian name—was educated privately and entered
the army in 1805. His first active service was in South America
in 1806, and he subsequently served through the Peninsular War
from the concentration at Salamanca in November 1808 to the
battle of Toulouse on the 10th of April 1814. On the day following
the storming of Badajos (the 6th of April 1812) a well-born
Spanish lady, whose entire property in the city had been destroyed,
presented herself at the British lines seeking protection
from the licence of the soldiery for herself and her sister, a child
of fourteen, by whom she was accompanied. The latter, whose
name was Juana Maria de Los Dolores de Leon, had but
recently emerged from a convent; but notwithstanding her years
she was married to Harry Smith a few days later. She remained
with him throughout the rest of the war, accompanying the
baggage train, sleeping in the open on the field of battle, riding
freely among the troops, and sharing all the privations of campaigning.
Her beauty, courage, sound judgment and amiable
character endeared her to the officers, including the duke of
Wellington, who spoke of her familiarly as Juanita; and she
was idolized by the soldiers. At the close of the war Harry Smith
volunteered for service in the United States, where he was present
at the battle of Bladensburg (the 24th of August 1814), and
witnessed the burning of the capitol at Washington; which, as he
said, “horrified us coming fresh from the duke’s humane warfare
in the south of France.” Returning to Europe he was brigade-major
at Waterloo; and in 1828 was ordered to the Cape of
Good Hope, where he commanded a division in the Kaffir War
of 1834–36. In 1835 he accomplished the feat of riding from
Cape Town to Graham’s Town, a distance of 600 m., in less than
six days; and having restored confidence among the whites by
his energetic measures, he was appointed governor of the new
Province of Queen Adelaide, where he gained unbounded influence
over the native tribes, whom he vigorously set himself
to civilize and benefit. But though supported by Sir Benjamin
D'Urban, the high commissioner, the ministry in London reversed
his policy and—to quote Smith’s own words—“directed the
Province of Queen Adelaide to be restored to barbarism.” Smith
himself was removed from his command, his departure being
deplored alike by the Kaffirs and the Dutch; and numbers of
the latter, largely in consequence of this policy of Lord Glenelg,
began the migration to the interior known as “the great trek.”
Harry Smith was now appointed deputy-adjutant-general of the forces in India, where he took part in the Gwalior campaign of 1843 (for which he received a K.C.B.) and the Sikh War of 1845–46. He was in command of a division under Sir Hugh Gough at the battles of Moodkee and Ferozeshah, where he conspicuously distinguished himself, but was insufficiently supported by the commander-in-chief. After the second of these actions Sir Harry Smith was appointed to an independent command, and on the 28th of January 1846 he inflicted a crushing defeat on the Sikhs at Aliwal on the Sutlej. At Sobraon on the 10th of February he again commanded a division under Gough. For the great victory of Aliwal he was awarded the thanks of parliament; and the speech of the duke of Wellington was perhaps the warmest encomium ever bestowed by that great commander on a meritorious officer. Sir Harry was at the same time created a baronet; and as a special distinction the words “of Aliwal” were by the patent appended to the title. In 1847 he returned to South Africa as governor of Cape Colony and high commissioner, to grapple with the difficulties he had foreseen eleven years before (see Cape Colony: History). He took command of an expedition to deal with the disaffected Boers in the Orange River Sovereignty, and fought the action of Boomplaats on the 29th of August 1848. In December 1850 war broke out with the Kaffirs; Sir Harry Smith was insufficiently supplied with troops from England; and though his conduct of the operations was warmly approved by the duke of Wellington and other military authorities, Lord Grey, in a despatch never submitted to the queen, recalled him in 1852 before the Kaffirs had been completely subdued. He protested strongly against the abandonment of the Orange River Sovereignty to the Boers, which was carried out two years after his departure, and he actively furthered the granting of responsible government to Cape Colony. His Spanish wife was his constant companion in his second as in his earlier sojourn in South Africa, where her memory is recalled by the town of Ladysmith in Natal (rendered famous by the Boer War of 1899–1902), as is that of her husband by Harrismith in the Orange Free State; while Aliwal North, founded in 1849 and named after his great Indian victory, further commemorates Sir Harry Smith. On his return to England he held a military appointment for some years, and died in London on the 12th of October 1860. Juana, Lady Smith, survived till 1872.
See Autobiography of Sir Harry Smith, edited by G. C. Moore Smith (1901); R. S. Rait, Life of Viscount Gough (1903); Wilmot and Chase, Annals of the Cape Colony (1869) ; J. Nobie, South Africa (1877); Theal’s History of South Africa, vol. iv. (R. J. M.)
SMITH, HENRY JOHN STEPHEN (1826–1883), English mathematician, was born in Dublin on the 2nd of November 1826, and was the fourth child of his parents. When Henry Smith was just two years old his father died, whereupon his mother left Ireland for England. After being privately educated by his mother and tutors, he entered Rugby school in 1841. Whilst under the first of these tutors, in nine months he read all Thucydides, Sophocles and Sallust, twelve books
of Tacitus, the greater part of Horace, Juvenal, Persius, and several plays of Aeschylus and Euripides. He also studied the first six books of Euclid and some algebra, besides reading a considerable quantity of Hebrew and learning the Odes of Horace by heart. On the death of his elder brother in September 1843 Henry Smith left Rugby, and at the end of 1844 gained a scholarship at Balliol College, Oxford. He won the Ireland scholarship in 1848 and obtained a first class in both the classical and the mathematical schools in 1849. He gained the senior mathematical scholarship in 1851. He was elected fellow of Balliol in 1850 and Savilian professor of geometry in 1861, and in 1874 was appointed keeper of the university museum. He was elected F.R.S. in 1861, and was an LL.D. of Cambridge and Dublin. He served on various royal commissions, and from 1877 was the chairman of the managing body of the meteorological office. He died at Oxford on the 9th of February 1883.
After taking his degree he wavered between classics and mathematics, but finally chose the latter. After publishing a few short papers relating to theory of numbers and to geometry, he devoted himself to a thorough examination of the writings of K F. Gauss,
