Apeles Mestre (b. 1854), the fiction of Narcis Oiler and Santiago Rusiñol, as also in the dramas of Angel Guimerá, and if the process be continued there may be a future, as well as a past, for Catalan literature.
Bibliography.—José Rodriguez, Biblioteca valentina (Valencia, 1747); Vicente Ximeno, Escritores del reyno de Valencia (2 vols., Valencia, 1747–1749); Justo Pastor Fuster, Biblioteca valenciana (2 vols., Valencia, 1827–1830); Felix Torres Amat, Memoiras para ayudar á formar un diccionario crítico de los escritores catalanes (Barcelona, 1836), with a supplement by J. Corminas (Burgos, 1849); F. R. Camboulin, Essai sur l’histoire de la littérature catalane (Paris, 1858); M. Milá y Fontanals, De los Trovadores en España (Barcelona 1861), and studies included in his Obras completas; E. Cardona, De la Antica literatura catalana (Naples, 1880); A. Morel-Fatio, " Katalanische Litteratur," in the second volume of the Grundriss der romanischen Philologie, pt. ii., and Catalogue des manuscrits espagnols et portugais de la bibliothèque nationale (Paris, 1881–1892); V. M. O. Denk, Einführung in die Geschichte der altcalalanischen Litteratur (Munich, 1893); J. Masso Torrents, Manuscrits Catalans de la biblioteca nacional de Madrid (Barcelona, 1896). For the modern period see Joaquin Rubió y Ors, Breve reseña del actual renacimiento de la lengua y literatura catalanas (2 vols., Barcelona, 1880); F. M. Tubino, Historia del renacimiento contemporáneo en Cataluña, Baleares y Valencia (Madrid, 1880); A. de Molins, Diccionario biográfico y bibliográfico de escritores y artistas catalanes del siglo xix. (Barcelona, 1891–1896); E. Toda, La Poesia catalana a Sardenya (Barcelona, 1888). Important articles by P. Meyer, A. Thomas, A. PagSs, J. Masso Torrents, A. Morel-Fatio and others appear from time to time in Romania, the Revue des langues romanes, the Revue hispanique, the Revista catalana and other special periodicals. (J. F.-K.; A. M.-Fa.)
SPALATIN, GEORGE, the name taken by George Burkhardt
(1484–1545), an important figure in the history of the Reformation, who was born on the 17th of January 1484, at Spalt
(whence he assumed the name Spalatinus), near Nuremberg,
where his father was a tanner. He went to Nuremberg for his
education when he was thirteen years of age, and soon afterwards
to the university of Erfurt, where he took his bachelor’s degree
in 1499. There he attracted the notice of Nikolaus Marschalk, the
most influential professor, who made Spalatin his amanuensis
and took him to the new university of Wittenberg in 1502. In
1505 Spalatin returned to Erfurt to study jurisprudence, was
recommended to Conrad Mutianus, and was welcomed by the
little band of German humanists of whom Mutianus was chief.
His friend got him a post as teacher in the monastery at
Georgenthal, and in 1508 he was ordained priest by Bishop
Johann von Laasphe, who had ordained Luther. In 1509
Mutianus recommended him to Frederick III. the Wise, the
elector of Saxony, who employed him to act as tutor to his
nephew, the future elector, John Frederick. Spalatin speedily
gained the confidence of the elector, who sent him to Wittenberg
in 1511 to act as tutor to his nephews, and procured for him a
canon’s stall in Altenburg. In 1512 the elector made him his
librarian. He was promoted to be court chaplain and secretary,
and took charge of all the elector’s private and public correspondence. His solid scholarship, and especially his unusual
mastery of Greek, made him indispensable to the Saxon court.
Spalatin had never cared for theology, and, although a priest and a preacher, had been a mere humanist. How he first became acquainted with Luther it is impossible to say—probably at Wittenberg; but the reformer from the first exercised a great power over him, and became his chief counsellor in all moral and religious matters. His letters to Luther have been lost, but Luther’s answers remain, and are extremely interesting. There is scarcely any fact in the opening history of the Reformation which is not connected in some way with Spalatin’s name. He read Luther’s writings to the elector, and translated for his benefit those in Latin into German. He accompanied Frederick to the Diet of Augsburg in 1518, and shared in the negotiations with the papal legates. Cardinal Cajetan and Karl von Miltitz. He was with the elector when Charles was chosen emperor and when he was crowned. He was with his master at the Diet of Worms. In short, he stood beside Frederick as his confidential adviser in all the troubled diplomacy of the earlier years of the Reformation. Spalatin would have dissuaded Luther again and again from publishing books or engaging in overt acts against the Papacy, but when the thing was done none was so ready to translate the book or to justify the act.
On the death of Frederick the Wise in 1525 Spalatin no longer lived at the Saxon court. But he attended the imperial diets, and was the constant and valued adviser of the electors, John and John Frederick. He went into residence as canon at Altenburg, and incited the chapter to institute reforms somewhat unsuccessfully. He married in the same year. During the later portion of his life, from 1526 onwards, he was chiefly engaged in the visitation of churches and schools in electoral Saxony, reporting on the confiscation and application of ecclesiastical revenues, and he was asked to undertake the same work for Albertine Saxony. He was also permanent visitor of Wittenberg University. Shortly before his death he fell into a state of profound melancholy, and died on the 16th of January 1545, at Altenburg.
Spalatin left behind him a large number of literary remains, both published and unpublished. His original writings are almost all historical. Perhaps the most important of them are: Annales reformations, edited by E. S. Cyprian (Leipzig, 1718); and "Das Leben und die Zeitgeschichte Friedrichs des Weisen," published in Georg Spalatins Historischer Nachlass und Briefe, edited by C. G. Neudecker and L. Preller (Jena, 1851). A list of them may be found in A. Seelheim’s George Spalatin als sechs. Historiographer (1876). There is no good life of Spalatin, nor can there be until his letters have been collected and edited, a work still to be done. There is an excellent article on Spalatin, however, by T. Kolde, in Herzog-Hauck, Realencyklopäie, Bd. xviii. (1906).
SPALATO, or Spalatro (Serbo-Croatian Spljet or Split),
an episcopal city, and the centre of an administrative
district, in Dalmatia, Austria, and on the Adriatic Sea.
Pop. (1900), of town and commune, 27,198; chiefly Serbo-
Croatian, and almost exclusively Roman Catholic. Spalato
is situated on the seaward side of a peninsula between
the Gulf of Brazza and the Gulf of Salona. Though not
the capital, it is commercially the most important city in
Dalmatia and carries on an extensive trade in wine and oil.
It is a port of call for the Austrian Lloyd steamers, and communicates
by rail with Sebenico, Knin and Sinj. Spalato has a
striking sea-front, in which the leading feature is the ruined
façade of the great palace of Diocletian, to which the city owes
its origin. A large part of Spalato is actually within the limit
of the palace; and many modern houses are built against its
ancient walls and incorporate parts of them, not only on the
inner but also on the outer side. This palace was erected between
A.D. 290 and 310. In ground plan it is almost a square, with a
quadrangular tower at each of the four corners. It covers 912
acres. There were originally four principal gates, with four
streets meeting in the middle of the quadrangle, after the style
of a Roman camp. The eastern gate, or Porta Aenea, is
destroyed, but, though the side towers are gone, the western
gate, or Porta Ferrea, and the main entrance of the building,
the beautiful Porta Aurea, in the north front, are still in fairly
good preservation. The streets are lined with massive arcades.
The vestibule now forms the Piazza del Duomo or cathedral
square; to the north-east Of this lies the temple of Jupiter,
or perhaps the mausoleum. This has long been the cathedral
of St Doimo or Domnius, small and dark, but noteworthy for
its finely carved choir stalls. To the south-east is the
temple of Aesculapius, which served originally as a kind
of court chapel, and has long been transformed into a baptistery. A beautiful Romanesque campanile was added to
the baptistery in the 14th and 15th centuries. Architecturally
the most important of the many striking features of the palace
is the arrangement in the vestibule by which the supporting
arches spring directly from the capitals of the large granite
Corinthian columns. This, as far as the known remains of
ancient art are concerned, is the first instance of such a method.
The ruins of Salona or Salonae, lying about 4 m. north-east of the palace, were chiefly exhumed during a series of excavations undertaken after the visit of the emperor Francis I. in 1818. Research was carried on regularly from 1821 to 1827, and again from 1842 to 1850. It was afterwards resumed at intervals
