finished till long after his death. To his modesty Bossuet bears
witness, when he told him to stand up sometimes, and not be
always on his knees before a critic. Gibbon vouches for his learning,
when (in the 47th chapter) he speaks of “this incomparable
guide, whose bigotry is overbalanced by the merits of erudition,
diligence, veracity and scrupulous minuteness.” There is a full
account of his life in the 4th volume of Sainte-Beuve's Port Royal.
TILLEY, SIR SAMUEL LEONARD (1818-1896), Canadian statesman, was born at Gagetown, New Brunswick, on the 18th of May 1818, the son of Samuel Tilley, an American Loyalist, who had settled in St John in 1783. In 1850 he was elected to the local legislature as a Liberal representative of St John. He soon became prominent from his opposition to the liquor traffic, and in 1855 persuaded the assembly to pass a prohibitory law, which proved a failure, and was repealed. From 1860 to March 1865 he was premier of the province, and was prominent in organizing the conference on the union of the maritime provinces, which met at Charlottetown in 1864, and which soon widened into a discussion of Canadian federation. In 1865 he was defeated in a general election on the federation question, but returned to power in 1866, partly through an intrigue of the colonial office. From 1868 till November 1873 he held various portfolios in the Dominion cabinet; from 1873 to 1878 he was lieutenant-governor of New Brunswick, but in 1878 was again elected as member for St John, and entered the Conservative cabinet as minister of finance. Later in 1878 he introduced and carried through parliament the “national policy” of protection, on which issue the election of 1878 had been won. The tariff so introduced became the basis of Canadian financial policy. In October 1885 ill health forced him to retire from the cabinet, and; he was again appointed lieutenant-governor of New Brunswick, which position he held till 1893. He died on the 25th of June 1896. In 1879 he was created K.C.M.G. His kindly and honourable private character was admitted by all; his political merits are judged differently by advocates and opponents of the policy of protection which he introduced, but of his financial ability and grasp of detail there is no doubt.
His Life, by James Hannay (1907), forms one of the “Makers of Canada” series.
TILLODONTIA, a group of mammals of uncertain position, typified by Tillotherium from the Middle Eocene of Wyoming, and perhaps including Esthonyx from the Lower Eocene of the same district, and other genera from the same horizon in both North America and Europe. In Tillotherium the skull is decidedly rodent-like, with an elongated cranial and a short facial portion, and a small brain-cavity; the jugal bone occupying the middle of the zygomatic arch. The dentition, of which the formula is i. 22, c. 11, p. 32, m. 33, also approximates to the rodent type, the canines being minute and functionless, and the first pair of incisors large and chisel-like. On these and other grounds it has been suggested that Tillotherium (of which the greater part of the skeleton is known) indicates the ancestral form of the Rodentia. Professor Max Weber considers, however, that such a view has but little justification. Relationship with the Ungulata and Carnivora has also been suggested; if there be any with the latter, it must have been with the most primitive forms, as the plantigrade feet are furnished with five toes carrying long pointed claws.
|
| (From Marsh.) |
| Skull of Tillotherium fodiens. (¼ nat. size.) |
Possibly Platychoerops richardsoni, from the Lower Eocene London Clay, belongs to the group. (R. L.*)
TILLOTSON, JOHN (1630-1694), English archbishop, was the son of a Puritan clothier in Sowerby, Yorkshire, where he was born in October 1630. He entered as a pensioner of Clare Hall, Cambridge, in 1647, graduated in 1650 and was made fellow of his college in 1651. In 1656 he became tutor to the son of Edmond Prideaux, attorney-general to Cromwell. About 1661 he was ordained without subscription by T. Sydserf, a Scottish bishop. Tillotson was present at the Savoy Conference in 1661, and remained identified with the Presbyterians till the passing of the Act of Uniformity in 1662. Shortly afterwards he became curate of Cheshunt, Herts, and in June 1663, rector of Kedington, Suffolk. He now devoted himself to an exact study of biblical and patriotic writers, especially Basil and Chrysostom. The result of this reading, and of the influence of John Wilkins, master of Trinity College, Cambridge, was seen in the general tone of his preaching, which was practical rather than theological. He was a man of the world as well as a divine, and in his sermons he exhibited a tact which enabled him at once to win the ear of his audience. In 1664 he became preacher at Lincoln's Inn. The same year he married Elizabeth French, a niece of Oliver Cromwell; and he also became Tuesday lecturer at St Lawrence, Jewry. Tillotson employed his controversial weapons with some skill against atheism and popery. In 1663 he published a characteristic sermon on “The Wisdom of being Religious,” and in 1666 replied to John Sergeant's Sure Footing in Christianity by a pamphlet on the “Rule of Faith.” The same year he received the degree of D.D. In 1670 he became prebendary and in 1672 dean of Canterbury. In 1675 he edited John Wilkins's Principles of Natural Religion, completing what was left unfinished of it, and in 1682 his Sermons. Along with Burnet, Tillotson attended Lord Russell on the scaffold in 1683. He afterwards enjoyed the friendship of Lady Russell, and it was partly through her that he obtained so much influence with Princess Anne, who followed his advice in regard to the settlement of the crown on William of Orange. He possessed the special confidence of William and Mary, and was made clerk of the closet to the king in March 1689. It was chiefly through his advice that the king appointed an ecclesiastical commission for the reconciliation of the Dissenters. In August of this year he was appointed by the chapter of his cathedral to exercise the archiepiscopal jurisdiction of the province of Canterbury during the suspension of Sancroft. He was also about the same time named dean of St Paul's. Soon afterwards he was elected to succeed Sancroft; but accepted the promotion with extreme reluctance, and it was deferred from time to time, at his request, till April 1691. In 1693 he published four lectures on the Socinian controversy. His attempts to reform certain abuses of the Church, especially that of clerical non-residence, awakened much ill-will, and of this the Jacobites took advantage, pursuing him, to the end of his life with insult and reproach. He died on the 22nd of November 1694.
For his manuscript sermons Tillotson's widow received 2500 guineas. Ralph Barker edited some 250 of them together with the “Rule of Faith” (1695-1704). In 1752 an edition appeared in 3 vols., with Life by Thomas Birch, compiled from Tillotson's original papers and letters. Various selections from his sermons and works have been published separately, e.g. by G. W. Weldon in 1886.
TILLY, JOHANN TZERCLAES, Count of (1559-1632), general of the Catholic League in the Thirty Years' War, was born in 1559 at the chateau of Tilly in Brabant. He was destined for the priesthood and received a strict Jesuit education. But, preferring the career of a soldier, he entered a Spanish foot regiment about 1574 as a volunteer, and in the course of several campaigns rose to the command of a company. This being reduced, he again became a simple pikeman, and as such he took part in the famous siege of Antwerp by Parma, whose army afforded the best training in the art of war then obtainable. He distinguished himself by his bravery, and the duke of Lorraine gave him the governorship of Dun and Villefranche, which he held from 1590 to 1594. Henry IV. made tempting
