the latter, who had become Roman matrons, intervened and prevailed upon the combatants to cease fighting. A formal treaty was then arranged between the Romans and Sabines, whereby Romulus and Tatius were to be joint and equal rulers of the Roman people. Rome was to retain its name and each citizen was to be called a Roman, but as a community they were to be called Quirites (q.v.); the Sabines were to be incorporated in the state and admitted into the tribes and curies. After this arrangement had lasted for five years it came to an end by the death of Tatius, who was killed out of revenge by the inhabitants of Lavinium. According to Mommsen, the story of his death, (for which see Plutarch) looks like an historical version of the abolition of blood-revenge. Tatius, who in some respects resembles Remus, is not an historical personage, but the eponymous hero of the religious college called Sodales Titii. As to this body Tacitus expresses two different opinions, representing two different traditions: that it was introduced either by Tatius himself to preserve the Sabine cult in Rome; or by Romulus in honour of Tatius, at whose grave its members were bound to offer a yearly sacrifice. The sodales fell into abeyance at the end of the republic, but were revived by Augustus and existed to the end of the 2nd century A.D. Augustus himself and the emperor Claudius belonged to the college, and all its members were of senatorial rank. Varro derives the name from the Titiae aves which were used by the priests in certain auguries.
See Livy i. 10–14; Tacitus, Annals, i. 54, Hist. ii. 95; Dion. Halic. ii. 36–52; Plutarch, Romulus, 19–24; Marquardt, Römische Staatsverwaltung (1885) iii. 446; Schwegler, Römische Geschichte, bk. ix. 3, 14; x. 5.
TITUSVILLE, a city of Crawford county, Pennsylvania, U.S.A., on Oil Creek, about 42 m. S. by E. of Erie. Pop. (1900),
8244, of whom 1573 were foreign-born; (1910 census) 8533.
Titusville is served by the Dunkirk, Allegheny Valley &
Pittsburg, and the Pennsylvania railways. It has the Benson
Memorial library (1904), and in Woodlawn Cemetery there is
a monument (erected by Henry H. Rogers in 1902) to Colonel
Edwin L. Drake (1819–1880), who here sank the first oil well
(6912 ft. deep) in America in August 1859 and who is buried here.
Titusville was the principal centre in Pennsylvania of the opposition
to the Standard Oil Company; but after 1875, when John
D. Archbold (b. 1848), a leader of the independents, became a
director of the Standard, few of the Titusville operators remained
independent. It was in the Titusville district that the natural
gas industry of Pennsylvania was first established about
1872.
There are various manufactures, and in 1905 the value of the factory products was $3,249,890. The first settlement was made here in 1796 by Samuel Kerr and jonathan Titus (in whose honour the place was named). Titusville was incorporated as a borough in 1847 and was chartered as a city in 1866. On the 5th of June 1892 Oil Creek rose suddenly, overflowed its banks and wrecked many oil tanks along the bottom-lands. A large part of the water was covered with oil, which soon caught fire. About 60 persons were drowned or burned to death, and about a quarter of the city was destroyed.
TIVERTON, a market town and municipal borough in the
Tiverton parliamentary division of Devonshire, England,
situated amid beautiful scenery at the confluence of the Loman
and Exe, 18734 m. W. by S. of London by the Great Western
railway. Pop. (1901), 10,382. The upper town is built on high
ground along the left bank of the Exe, and a bridge leads to
the lower town, named West Exe. St Peter’s church, originally
consecrated as a chapel by Leofric, bishop of Exeter, in
1073, is a beautiful Perpendicular building. Its high tower
has four stages, each adorned with grotesques; and Greenway’s
chapel, built in 1517 by John Greenway, a wool merchant of
Tiverton, is ornamented with figures minutely carved in stone.
Of the original Norman fabric only a doorway remains. Within
are some fine carvings, brasses and monuments. Of the castle,
founded about 1105 by Richard de Redvers, the banqueting-hall,
a tower, the chapel and a 14th-century gateway remain.
After serving as the home of the Redvers and Courtenay families,
earls of Devon, until the 16th century, the castle was dismantled
by Fairfax. Partly rebuilt, it is used as a dwelling-house;
while in its gardens an annual race-meeting is held in August.
Blundell’s grammar school, founded under the will of Peter
Blundell, a rich cloth merchant, in 1604, has modern buildings
outside the town in Tudor style; and, among others,
scholarships at Balliol College, Oxford, and Sidney Sussex
College, Cambridge. The number of boys is about 230. The
Chilcott Free School was established in 1611, and the Bluecoat
Charity School, dating from 1714, was reorganized in 1876 to
give secondary education to boys and girls. After the decline
of its woollen trade Tiverton became noted for the lace manufacture
introduced by John Heathcoat (1783–1861), inventor
of the bobbin net frame. There are also breweries, flour-mills,
and a large trade in farm produce and livestock. Amicia,
countess of Devon, brought a stream of water from Norwood,
5 m. distant; This system was improved in the 19th century.
Hannah Cowley, the dramatist (1743–1809), Richard Cosway,
the miniature painter (b. 1742) and John Cross, an artist
of some celebrity (b. 1819), were natives of Tiverton. The
town is governed by a mayor, 6 aldermen and 18 councillors.
Area, 17,680 acres.
Tiverton (Tuyverton, Tovretona) exhibits traces of very early settlement, and is mentioned under the name of Tuyford in the will of King Alfred. In the Domesday survey it appears as a royal manor containing two mills, but it was bestowed by Henry I. on Richard de Redvers, and in 1245 appears as a mesne borough under Baldwin de Redvers, who in that year obtained a grant of a Monday market and a three days’ fair at the feast of St James. In 1275 Amicia, countess of Devon, claimed to hold fairs at Tiverton at the feasts of St Andrew and St Giles, and at the translation of St Thomas the Martyr. In 1618 the borough received its first charter of incorporation from James I., instituting a governing body of a mayor, 12 chief burgesses, and 12 assistant burgesses, with a recorder, deputy-recorder, town-clerk and two serjeants-at-mace; a court of record every fortnight on Tuesday; and fairs at Michaelmas and on the second Tuesday after Trinity Sunday, which were kept up until within the last fifty years. The borough also sent two representatives to parliament until disfranchised by the Reform Act of 1885. Cromwell in 1655 changed the market day from Monday to Tuesday. Fresh charters of incorporation from James II. in 1689 and from George I. in 1724 left the style and constitution of the governing body unchanged. Tiverton was an important centre of the woollen trade in the 16th century, and Risdon, writing in 1608, describes it as thronged with rich clothiers, and the Monday market famous for its kersies, known as “Tiverton kersies,” while as late as the reign of George II. the town had 56 fulling-mills; but about this time the industry began to decay, and is now extinct.
See Victoria County History: Devonshire; M. Dunsfold, Historical Memoirs of the Town and Parish of Tiverton (Exeter, 1790); W. Harding, History of Tiverton (1845–1847).
TIVOLI (anc. Tibur, q.v.), a town and episcopal see of the province
of Rome, Italy, 18 m. E.N.E. of Rome by road and tramway,
2412 m. by rail, 760 ft. above sea-level. Pop. (1901), 11,610
(town), 12,881 (commune). Tivoli lies on the west of the Sabine
Mountains, where the river Anio issues from them, upon a limestone
rock above the river. The town on one side overlooks
the Campagna di Roma and Rome itself, on the other the deep
gorge of the Anio, with its lofty falls, and the environs are very
beautiful. The Roman remains are described under the heading of Tibur. The Villa d’Este, begun in 1549 by Pirro
Ligorio for Cardinal Ippolito d’Este the younger (the cardinal
of Ferrara), has the finest example of a Renaissance garden in
Italy; it was erected on a steep slope, with many terraces, and
embellished with numerous fountains, fantastically decorated
in stucco, which once formed the background to the splendid
collection of ancient statuary formed by the cardinal, but now
dispersed (see F. S. Seni, La Villa d’Este in Tivoli, Rome, 1902;
T. Ashby, in Archaeologia, vol. lxi.). The villa contains damaged
frescoes by the brothers Zuccari. The register of the see of
