tsar. When he recovered he was employed in strengthening the fortifications at the mouth of the Dnieper, and also those of Cronstadt. In 1856 he visited England, where his merits were well understood. In 1860 he was appointed assistant to the grand-duke Nicholas, and he became subsequently chief of the department of engineers with the full rank of general. He was given no command when war with Turkey began in 1877. It was not until after the early reverses before Plevna (q.v.) that the soldier of Sevastopol was called to the front. Todleben saw that it would be necessary to draw works round Osman Pasha, and cut him off from communication with the other Turkish commanders. In due time Plevna fell. Todleben then undertook the siege of the Bulgarian fortresses. After the conclusion of preliminaries of peace, he was placed in command of the whole Russian army. When the war was over he became governor of Odessa and hereditary count. But his health was broken, though for some time after 1880 he held the post of governor of Vilna, and after much suffering he died at Bad Soden near Frankfort-on-Main, on the 1st of July 1884.
His great work on the defence of Sevastopol appeared in Russian, French and German (5 vols. 1864–1872). Besides this, he wrote a letter to General Brialmont on the operations around Plevna; this was printed in the Russian engineer journal, and in German in the Archiv für preussische Artillerie-offiziere (1878).
See Brialmont, Le Général comte Todleben (Brussels, 1884); Rieger, “Todleben u. seines Wirkens Bedeutung für die Kriegskunst der Zukunft” (in Mittheilungen über Gegenstände des Artillerie- und Geniewesens, Vienna, 1885); Witzleben, in Internationale Revue über die gesammten Armeen und Flotten (1879); Schröder, in Archiv für Artillerie- und Ingenieur-Offiziere (Berlin, 1888); Life by Schilder (in Russian, St Petersburg, 1885–1887); Krahmer, General-Adjutant Graf Todleben (Berlin, 1888).
TODMORDEN, a market town and municipal borough in the Sowerby parliamentary division of the West Riding of Yorkshire, England, extending into the Middleton parliamentary division of Lancashire; 19 m. N.N.E. of Manchester, on the Lancashire & Yorkshire railway. Pop. (1901), 25,418. It lies on both sides of the river Calder, and the scenery of the valley is beautiful in spite of the numerous factories. Todmorden Hall, a picturesque old mansion of various dates, was the seat of the Radcliffes, but they sold the manorial rights about the close of the 17th century. The town hall is a handsome classical building erected in 1875; it bridges the county boundary, the Calder, enabling the magistrates to exercise jurisdiction in both counties. There is a bronze statue to John Fielden (1784–1849), to whose energy in developing the cotton manufacture the town owes much of its prosperity. The staple industry is the spinning and weaving of cotton, and there are also foundries and machine-works. The municipal borough, incorporated in 1896, is under a mayor, 6 aldermen and 18 councillors. Area, 12,773 acres.
TODY, T. Pennant's rendering (Gen. Birds, pp. 15, 61) through the French Todier of M. J. Brisson (Ornithologie, iv. 528) of the somewhat obscure Latin word Todus,[1] not unhappily applied in 1756 by Patrick Browne (Civ. and Nat. Hist. Jamaica, p. 476) to a little bird remarkable for its slender legs and small feet, the “green sparrow” or “green hummingbird” of Sir H. Sloane (Voyage, ii. 306). The name, having been taken up by Brisson (loc. cit.) in 1760, was adopted by Linnaeus, and has since been recognized by ornithologists as that of a valid genus, though many species have been referred to it which are now known to have no affinity to the type, the Todus viridis of Jamaica, and accordingly have since been removed from it. The genus Todus was at one time placed among the Muscicapidae (cf. Flycatcher); but J. Murie's investigations (Proc. Zool. Society, 1872, pp. 664–680, pl. lv.) have conclusively proved that it is not passerine, and is nearly allied to the Momotidae (cf. Motmot) and Alcedinidae (cf. Kingfisher) it being regarded as forming a distinct sub-family Todinae of the Momotidae peculiar to the Greater Antilles, each of which islands has its own species, all of small size, the largest not exceeding four inches and a half in length.
|
| (After Gosse.) |
| Tody (Todus viridis). |
Of the species already named, T. viridis, P. H. Gosse (B. Jamaica, pp. 72–80) gives an interesting account. “Always conspicuous from its bright grass-green, coat and crimson-velvet gorget, it is still a very tame bird; yet this seems rather the tameness of indifference than of confidence; it will allow a person to approach very near, and, if disturbed, alight on another twig a few yards distant . . . commonly it is seen sitting patiently on a twig, with the head drawn in, the beak pointing upwards, the loose plumage puffed out, when it appears much larger than it is. It certainly has an air of stupidity when thus seen. But this abstraction is more apparent than real; if we watch it, we shall see that the odd-looking grey eyes are glancing hither and thither, and that ever and anon the bird sallies out upon a short feeble flight, snaps at something in the air, and returns to his twig to swallow it.” The birds of the family also show their affinity to the kingfishers, motmots and bee-eaters by burrowing holes in the ground in which to make their nest, and therein laying eggs with a white translucent shell. The sexes differ little in plumage.
All the four species of Todus, as now restricted, present a general similarity of appearance, and possess very similar habits; and even these, by some ornithologists, might be regarded as geographical races. The Cuban form is T. multicolor; that of Haiti is T. subulatus or dominicensis; and that of Porto Rico, originally named in error T. mexicanus, has since been called hypochondriacus. (A. N.)
TOGGENBURG, THE, a special name given to the upper valley of the river Thur, in the Swiss Canton of St Gall. It descends in a N.W. direction from the watershed between the Rhine and the Thur, and is enclosed N.E. by the chain of the Säntis (8216 ft.) and S.W. by that of the Kurfürsten (7576 ft.) and of the Speer (6411 ft.). It is a fertile valley of about 30 m. in length from the source of the river to Wil on the railway line between Winterthur and St Gall. The upper half is traversed by an excellent carriage road, while from Kappel there is a railway to Wil (1512 m.). Its industrious population numbered 34,594 in 1900, nearly equally divided between Romanists and Protestants, mostly German-speaking. Those of the upper half are devoted to pastoral pursuits while those of the lower half are engaged in the manufacture of muslin and cotton. This valley is as yet frequented only by Swiss visitors, and retains many characteristics of sub-alpine Switzerland before the arrival
- ↑ In Forcellini's Lexicon (ed. De Vit, 1875) we find “Todus genus parvissimae avis tibias habens perexiguas.” Ducange in his Glossarium quotes from Festus, an ancient grammarian, “Toda est avis quae non habet ossa in tibiis; quare semper est in motu, unde Todiu (al. Todinus) dicitur ille qui velociter todet et movetur ad modum todae, et todere, moveri et tremere ad modum todae.” The evidence that such a substantive as Todus or Toda existed seems to rest on the adjectival derivative found in a fragment of a lost play (Syrus) by Plautus, cited by this same Festus. It stands “cum extritis [extortis] talis, cum todillis [todinis] crusculis ”; but the passage is held by scholars to be corrupt. Among naturalists Gesner in 1555 gave currency (Hist. animalium, iii. 719) to the word as a substantive, and it is found in Levins's Manipulus vocabulorum of 1570 (ed. Wheatley, 1867, col. 225) as the equivalent of the English “titmouse.” Ducange allows the existence of the adjective todinus. Stephanus suggests that todi comes from τυτθοί, but his view is not accepted. The verb todere may perhaps be Englished to “toddle”!
