droit privé en ce qu’elle ne constitue pas un droit réel (jus in re aliena) mais un droit entre deux personnes de droit international (subjecta juris gentium)” (Revue de droit international, 1899, p. 330). Dr F. Von Liszt (Das Völkerrecht, p. 331) treats the South African republic as an example of a half sovereign state. M. Gairal describes it as a vassal state. Probably the soundest opinion is that the British Crown reserved no other rights than those expressly stated in the convention of 1884.
See Stubbs, “Suzerainty, or the Rights and Duties of Suzerain and Vassal States” (1882), Revue de droit international (1896), pp. 39, 278; Westlake, “L’Angleterre et la république sud-africaine,” Revue de droit international (1896), p. 268; Bornhak, Einseitige Abhängigkeitsverhältnisse unter den modernen Staaten (1896); Ullmann, Völkerrecht (1908), p. 25; Tchomacoff, De la Souveraineté (1901); Jellinek, Die Lehre von den Staatenverbindungen (1882); Correspondence Relating to South African Republic (1890) [C. 9507]; Law Magazine (1900), p. 413; Law Quarterly Review (1896), p. 122; Journal of Comparative Legislation, new series, vol. i. p. 432; Merignhac, Droit public international (1905), p. 204. (J. M.)
SVANE [or Svaning], HANS (1606–1668), Danish statesman and ecclesiastic, was born on the 27th of March 1606, at Horsens, where his father, Hans Riber, was burgomaster. His mother
Anne was a daughter of the historian Hans Svaning, whose name, subsequently altered to Svane, he adopted. At Copenhagen Svane devoted himself to the study of Oriental languages, and between 1628 and 1635 completed his education abroad, at Franeker in Friesland, Wittenberg, Oxford and Paris. After seven years’ residence abroad Svane returned to occupy the chair of Oriental languages at the university of Copenhagen. In 1646, finding promotion slow, he turned to theology and was “created” Dr theol. by his old patron Jesper Brochmand, now bishop of Sjaelland, whom he succeeded in the metropolitan see of Denmark on the 26th of January 1655. As a theologian he belonged to the severely orthodox Lutheran school. His scholarship, despite the erudition of his commentary to the prophet Daniel in two huge folio volumes, is questionable. But in Latin and Danish he won distinction as a speaker, and his funeral orations in both languages were admired by his contemporaries. At the famous rigsdag of 1660 he displayed debating talent of a high order and played an important political rôIe. It was Svane who, at the opening of the rigsdag, proposed that only members of the council of state should be entitled to fiefs and that all other estates should be leased to the highest bidder whatever his social station. At a hint from the king he laboured to get the royal charter abolished and the elective monarchy transformed into an hereditary monarchy. The clerical deputies followed him in a serried band, as the burgesses followed Nansen, and the bishop’s palace was one of the meeting-places for the camarilla which was privy to the absolutist designs of Frederick III. Throughout the session Svane was chairman
of “the Conjoined Estates” in their attacks upon the nobility, his watchword being: Equal rights for all and a free hand for the king. It was on his motion (Oct. 8) that the Commons agreed “to offer his majesty the crown as an hereditary crown,” to which proposition the nobility acceded, under severe pressure, two days later. When, on the 13th, the three estates assembled at the castle, it was Svane’s speech, as president of the estate of the clergy, which gave the solemnity its ultra-royalist character. He, too, quashed the timid attempt of the more liberal minded of the deputies to obtain a promise from the king of some sort of a constitution. In fact, excepting the king and queen, nobody contributed so powerfully to the introduction of absolutism into
Denmark as the bishop of Copenhagen. He was raised, to the dignity of archbishop, a title which no other Danish prelate has since borne, and as president of the academic consistory of the university (an office which was invented for and died with him) he took precedence of the rector magnificus. He was also created a royal councillor, an assessor of the supreme court and a member of the slats kollegiel or council of state. His elevation seems to have turned his head. The university suffered the most from his extravagant pretensions; and his quarrels with all the professors at last caused such a scandal that the king had to interfere personally. A bishop who was at the same time a privy councillor, a minister of state and a judge of the supreme court could
have but little time for spiritual duties. Yet Svane was not altogether neglectful of them. Especially noteworthy is his plan for the erection of a consistorial college for managing all the temporal affairs of the church, including education and poor relief, anticipating to some extent the modern ministries of education and public worship, which unfortunately was not adopted. Moreover, the privileges which he obtained for the clergy did much to increase the welfare and independence of the Danish Church in difficult times, while his representations to the king that Danish theology was not likely to be promoted by placing Germans over the heads of native professors bore good fruit. Svane died on the 26th of July 1668, in his 62nd year.
See Detlev Gotthard Zwergius, Siellandske clerisie (Copenhagen, 1754). (R. N. B.)
SVANETIA, a mountainous district on the south slopes of the
Caucasus, immediately underneath the loftiest glaciated peaks of the middle of the system. It extends over the upper valleys of the Rion, Ingur and Tskhenis-tskhali, and is included in the modern government of Kutais. The Svanetians belong to the Georgian race. (See Caucasia and Caucasus.)
SVENDBORG, a seaport of Denmark, capital of the amt
(county) of its name, on the south shore of the island of Fiinen.
Pop. (1901), 11,543. The situation is pleasant. The narrow
Svendborg Sund separates Fiinen from the lesser islands of
Taasinge and Turo, of which the former rises to 245 ft. Inland
from the town there is also elevated ground, the Ovinehoi. The
harbour is accessible to vessels drawing 20 ft. There are tobacco
and earthenware manufactories, hoat-building yards, and dis-
tilleries. Butter is the principal export, and petroleum, coal and
iron the imports. Neighbouring to the town are the ruined castle
of Orkil, the watering-place Christiansminde, and the extensive
orchards of Gammel Hestehave, where wine is produced.
SVENDSEN, JOHANN SEVERIN (1840–), Norwegian composer, was born in Christiania on the 30th of September 1840. He learnt the elements ofmusic and violin-playing from his father, and after serving for some time in the army, and later touring as violinist with a troup of instrumentalists, he entered the conservatorium at Leipzig through the aid of the king of Sweden. After another tour, which extended to the British Isles, Svendsen spent a year in Paris, and in 1871–1872 was leader of the once famous Euterpe concerts in Leipzig. In 1871 he married an American, and from 1872 to 1877 he conducted the Christiania
Musical Society, while in 1877–1879 he lived in Rome, London and Paris. In 1883 Svendsen became court kapellmeister at Copenhagen. Probably we have to go back to Schubert to End a-composer whose Opus 1 has attained the wide popularity of Svendsen’s A minor string quartet, while his beautiful octet, Opus 3, added to his fame. Though Svendsen was at one time intimate with Wagner, the latter does not seem to have influenced
his music, which includes two symphonies, a violin concerto, and a romance for violin, as well as a number of Norwegian rhapsodies for the orchestra.
SVERDRUP, JOHAN (1816–1892), Norwegian statesman, was born at Jarlsberg on the 30th of July 1816. His father, Jakob Sverdrup, was a land steward, and the founder of the first school of agriculture in Norway. Johan entered the Storthing in 1850, sitting first for Laurvik, and then for the district of Akershus, and was its president from 1871 to 1884, during the whole of the dispute over the prerogative of the Crown. He built up a strong political party, which, relying for support
chiefly on the Norwegian peasantry, was determined to secure strict constitutional government and practically to destroy the power of the king. Under his leadership the opposition, in 1872, secured the passing of a bill for the admission of the ministers to the Storthing, which was a step to the establishment of the dependence of the cabinet on a majority in that assembly. King Charles XV. refused his sanction to this bill, and on its third passing in 1880 Oscar II. opposed his veto, at the same time claiming his right to the absolute veto. Sverdrup then proposed the proclamation of the law in defiance of the king’s action. The
