Fine examples of early and later European tapestries are to be seen in the cathedrals of Reims, Bruges, Tournai, Angers, Beauvais, Aix, Sens, in the Victoria and Albert Museum, London, Windsor Castle, Hampton Court, St Mary’s Hall Coventry, the Louvre and Cluny Museums in Paris, at Chantilly, Chartres, Amiens, Dijon, Orleans, Auxerre, Nancy, Bern, Places where fine tapestries are now preserved. Brussels, Basel, Munich, Berlin, Dresden, Vienna and Nuremberg. In Italy the largest collections (mostly of 16th and 17th century work) are those of the Vatican at Rome, and the Reale Galleria degli Arazzi at Florence. Many fine pieces are in the royal palace at Turin, the Palazzo del Té at Mantua, the royal palace at Milan, in the cathedral of Como, and the museum at Naples. The collection at the palace of Madrid is one of the largest in Europe, and comprises more than one thousand examples, the older of which, of splendid Flemish design and weaving, belonged to Ferdinand and Isabella, Philippe le Bel and the Emperor Charles V.[1] The principal cathedrals of Spain also possess important tapestries; those preserved at the cathedral of Toledo are more than enough to supply hangings for the outside and inside of that building on the feast of Corpus Christi. Throughout the European continent, in the United States of America, and in Great Britain almost uncountable tapestries are displayed or stored in mansions, castles, châteaux and palazzi, belonging to noble and wealthy families. A large number. of books have been written and published on the subject generally, and many of them, containing good illustrations, are of recent date.
Bibliography.—The following works may be mentioned as likely to prove useful for investigating the history and character of Egypto-Roman and Coptic textiles:—J. Karabacek, Die Theodor Graf’schen Fünde in Aegypten (“Die Textilien-Gräberfünde”), 8vo, Vienna, 1883; Alan S. Cole, Catalogue of a Collection of Tapestry Woven and Embroidered Egyptian Textiles in the South Kensington Museum, London, 1887; “Egyptian Tapestry,” Society of Arts, Cantor Lectures, London, 1889; A. Riegl, Die ägyptischen Textilfünde im K. K. Österreich. Museum, 13 photo-lithographs, 4to, Vienna, 1889; E. Gerspach, Les tapisseries coptes, 153 (some coloured) illustrations, 4to, Paris, 1890; R. Forrer, Mein Besuch in El-Achmim, 1 phototype and 36 process illustrations, 8vo, Strassburg, 1895; Römische und Byzantinische Seiden-Textilien aus dem Gräberfelde von Achmim-Panopolis, 28 pp., 17 (15 coloured) plates, and illustrations in the text, 4to, Strassburg, 1891; Wladimar Bock, Coptic Art; Coptic Figured Textiles (in Russian), 32 pp., 6 phototype plates, 4to, Moscow, 1897; W. Lowrie, Christian Art and Archaeology (pp. 362–82, “Textile Art”), process illustrations, 8vo, New York and London, 1901; A. Gayet, L’Art copte (pp. 317–27, “Les tissus”), process illustrations, 8vo. Paris, 1902.
In respect of medieval and later tapestries the titles of the following works are quoted:—Jubinal, Anciennes tapisseries, Paris, 1838–39; Ronchaud, La tapisserie dans l’antiquité; Le péplos d’Anthéné, Paris, 1884; Müntz, La tapisserie, Paris, 1882; Boileau, Les métiers et corporations de la ville de Paris au xiiiᵉ siècle, Paris, 1879; Barbier de Montault, Tapisseries du sacre d’Angers, Paris, 1863; De Farcy on the same subject, 1875; Barraud, Tap. de la cath. de Beauvais, Beauvais, 1853; Pinchart, Roger van der Weyden . . . et les tapisseries de Berne, Brussels, 1864; Loriquet, Tap. de la cathédrale de Reims, Reims, 1882; Guiffrey, Pinchart and Müntz, Histoire générale de la tapisserie, 1878; Müntz, Les fabriques de tapisseries de Nancy, 1883; Voisin, Tap. de la cath. de Tournay, Tournai, 1863; Van Drival, Tap. d’Arras, Arras, 1864; Gorse, Tap. du château de Pau, Paris, 1881; De la Fons-Melicoq, Hautlisseurs des xivᵐᵉ au xviᵐᵉ siècles, Paris, 1870; Notice sur les Tap. de Beauvais, Clermont, 1842; Deville, Statuts, etc., relatifs à la corp. des tap. de 1258 à 1275, Paris, 1875; Darcel, Les manufactures nationales de tapisserie des Gobelins de Paris, 1885; van de Graft, De Tapijt-Fabrieken der xiii. en xvii. Eeuw, Middelburg, 1869; De Montault, Tap. de haute lisse à Rome, Arras, 1879; Conti, L’arte degli arazzi in Firenze, Florence, 1875; Campori, L’arazzeria Estense, Modena, 1876; Braghirolli, Arazzi in Mantova, Mantua, 1879; Farabulini, L’arte degli arazzi, Rome, 1884; Gentili, L’art des tapis, Rome, 1878; Müntz, Tap. Italiennes, Paris, 1880; Dorregaray, Museo Español de Antiguëdades (Flemish Tapestry, vol. vii. p. 47), Madrid, 1871–76; Darcel and Guichard, Les tap. décoratives, Paris, 1877; Lacordaire, Notice sur l’origine des tapisseries des Gobelins, &c., Paris, 1855; Guillaumot, Manufacture . . . des Gobelins, Paris, 1800; Rahlenbeck, Les Tapisseries des Rois de Navarre (in Messager des Sciences Historiques, Gand, 1868); Perathon, Tap. d’Aubusson, de. Felletin, et de Bellegarde, Paris, 1857; Roy-Pierrefitte, Les tap. de Felletin, Limoges, 1855; Durieux, Tap. de Cambrai, Cambrai, 1879; About and Bauer, Tap. après les cartons de Raphael, Paris, 1875; Houdoy, Tap. de la fabrication Lilloise, Lille, 1871; Vergnaud-Romagnesi, Tap. au Musée d’Orléans, Orleans, 1859; De St Genois, Tap. d’Oudenarde, Paris, 1864; Guiffrey, Hist. de la tapisserie, Tours, 1886; Pine, Tapestry of the House of Lords, London, 1739; Vallance Aymer, The Art of William Morris (see pp. 83–92); W. G. Thomson, A History of Tapestry from the earliest times until the present day, London, 1906. (A. S. C.)
TAPEWORMS. The Cestodes or Tapeworms form a class
of purely endoparasitic Platyelmia, characterized by their
elongate shape, segmented bodies, and the absence of a digestive
system. With few exceptions they are composed (1) of a
minute organ of fixation (the scolex), which marks the proximal
attached end of the body; (2) of a narrow neck from which
(3) a number of segments varying from three to several thousands
are budded off distally. These segments, or “proglottides,”
become detached in groups, and if kept moist retain their powers
of movement and vitality for a considerable time. This fact
gave rise in ancient times to the false idea that the tapeworm
originated from the union of these segments; and in modern
times it has led to the view that the tapeworm is not a
segmented organism (the monozoic view), but is a colony composed
of the scolex which arises from the embryo and of the
proglottides, which are asexually produced buds that, upon or
before attaining their full size and maturity, become separated,
grow, and, in some cases, live freely for a time, just as the
segments of a strobilating jelly-fish grow, separate and become
sexual individuals (the polyzoic view). Whether this view is
soundly based is discussed below; the fact remains, however,
that a tapeworm is, with few and rare exceptions, not directly
comparable at all points with a liver-fluke or indeed with any
other organism. The influence of parasitism has so profoundly
influenced its structure that its affinities are obscured by the
development of specialized and adaptive features.
In contrast to these segmented or “merozoic” Cestodes, a few primitive forms have preserved a unisegmental character and form the Monozoa or Cestodaria. We may therefore divide Cestodes into the Monozoa and the Merozoa.
Order I.—Monozoa
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Fig. 1.—A, reproductive system of Amphilina foliacea: a, glandular pit; b, opening of uterus; b′, uterus (black); c, yolk-gland and its duct; d, ovary; e, e′, opening and duct of vagina; f, spermotheca; g, male genital opening (gonopore); h, penis; i, vas deferens; j, testes; k, shell-gland. B, Amphiptyches (Gyrocotyle) urna. Outline of the ventral surface to show the external apertures and nervous system; a, rosette-organ; b, uterine pore; c, terminal sucker; e, vaginal pore; g, male gonopore; n, o, p, nervous system. (From Lankester’s Treatise on Zoology, part iv.) |
This order comprises a few heterogeneous forms which probably constitute at least three families.
Family I. Amphilinidae.—Oval or leaf-shaped animals found in the sturgeon and certain other fish.
Amphilina foliacea (fig. 1) is in many ways closely allied to the Trematoda, from which, however, it is distinguished by the want of a digestive system. One end of the body (usually designated anterior) is provided with a glandular pit (fig. 1, Aa) which is regarded as a sucker or as related to the uterine opening (birth-pore). The excretory system consists of peculiar cells, each of which bears several “flames” or bunches of synchronously vibrating cilia. These cells are imbedded in the peripheral parenchyma, and lead into convoluted excretory tubes that form an anastomosis opening to the exterior by a pore at the “hinder” end of the body. The epidermis consists of pyriform cells, which send richly branched processes to the superficial cuticle. The parenchyma is made up of stellate cells the processes of which form a reticulum. The reproductive organs consist of the parts shown in fig. 1, A, and it will be seen that, in addition to the openings of the male
- ↑ See Report of Señor I. F. Riaño to the Director of the South Kensington Museum, 1875.
