is varied by the fair of Beaucaire, and it used to be the scene of the two fêtes of La Tarasque, the latter in celebration of St Martha's deliverance of the town from a legendary monster of that name. King René presided in 1469, and grand exhibitions of costume and strange ceremonies take place during the two days of the festival. Tarascon was originally a settlement of the Massaliots, built on an island of the Rhone. The medieval castle, where Pope Urban II. lived in 1096, was built on the ruins of a Roman camp. The inhabitants of Tarascon preserved the municipal institutions granted them by the Romans, and of the absolute power claimed by the counts of Provence they only recognized the rights of sovereignty. Tarascon played a bloody part in the White Terror of 1815.
TARAXACUM, the name usually applied in medical practice to the common dandelion (q.v.).
TARBELL, EDMUND C. (1862–), American artist, was born at West Groton, Mass., on the 26th of April 1862. He was a pupil of the schools of the Boston Museum of Fine Arts and of Boulanger and Lefebvre, Paris, and became a distinguished painter of the landscape, of the figure, and of portraits, winning various important prizes and medals at exhibitions. In 1906 he was elected a National Academician, besides being a member of the Ten American Painters, and he became instructor of painting in the Boston Museum of Fine Arts.
TARBERT, a fishing village at the head of East Loch Tarbert, an arm of the sea on the west shore of the mouth of Loch Fyne, Argyllshire, Scotland. Pop. (1901) 1697. The harbour, though it has a narrow entrance, is absolutely safe and can shelter the whole of the Loch Fyne fishing fleet. The pier for the passenger steamers that call here is about 34 m. from the village. The coast of the bay is rocky and the cliffs are fringed with young firs, the village itself being quite a pretty place. The herring industry—including a large trade in curing—forms the only industry. The parish church occupies a fine situation. Overlooking the harbour are the ruins of a castle built by Robert Bruce in 1326. The isthmus connecting the districts of Knapdale and Kintyre is little more than one mile wide, and boats used once to be dragged across to the head of West Loch Tarbert, a narrow sea loch nearly ten miles long. A proposal to cut a canal across to shorten the sail to Islay and Jura has never progressed further.
TARBES, a town of south-western France, capital of the department of Hautes-Pyrénées, 98 m. W.S.W. of Toulouse on the Southern railway. Pop. (1906) town, 20,866; commune, 25,869. Tarbes is situated in a beautiful and fertile plain, in full view of the Pyrenees, on the left bank of the Adour, streams from which are conducted through all parts of the town. The lines of the Southern railway from Morcenx to Bagnères-de-Bigorre and Lourdes and from Toulouse to Bayonne cross here. Chief among the many open spaces is the Jardin Massey (35 acres), given to his native town by a director of the gardens of Versailles and containing a museum of sculptures, paintings and antiquities. Near a small lake stands a cloister (15th century) transferred from the abbey of St Sever-de-Rustan, 14 m. N.E. of Tarbes, and a bust of Théophile Gautier, a native of Tarbes. The architecture of the cathedral, Notre Dame de la Sède, is heavy and unpleasing, but the cupola of the transept (14th century), the modern glass in the 12th-century apse, and a rose window of the 13th century, in the north transept, are worthy of notice. There is also a modernized Carmelite church originally built in the 13th century. Tarbes is a well-known centre for the breeding of Anglo-Arabian horses, much used by light cavalry; and its stud is the most important in the south of France. The industrial establishments include tanneries, tile-works, saw-mills and turners' shops. There are important fairs and markets. Well-known race-meetings are held on the Laloubère course.
Under the Roman dominion Turba, which was about 11 m. S.E. of the present town of Tarbes, was the capital of the Bigerriones, one of the states of Novempopulania. The bishopric of Tarbes dates from the 5th century, and in feudal times its bishops held the chief temporal authority, that of the counts of Bigorre, of which Tarbes was capital, being limited to the quarter of the town where their castle was built. The English held the town from 1360 to 1406. In 1569 Tarbes was burnt by Gabriel, count of Montgomery, and the inhabitants were driven out. This happened a second time, but in August 1570 the peace of St Germain allowed them to return. Subsequently Tarbes was several times taken and re-taken, and a number of the inhabitants of Bigorre were forced to take refuge in Spain, but in 1594 the members of the League were finally expelled. The English, under Wellington, gained a victory over the French near Tarbes in 1814.
TARBUSH (Arab tarbüsh), the close-fitting, flat-topped and brimless cap, in shape like a truncated cone, made of felt or cloth, worn by Mahommedan men throughout the East either as a separate headgear or forming the inner part of the turban. It is worn as the badge of a Turkish subject in Turkey and Egypt, where it is red in colour with a black or blue silk tassel. It is the same as the “fez” (see the plate illustrations to India: § Indian Costume).
TARDE, GABRIEL (1843–1904), French sociologist, was born at Sarlat (Dordogne) in 1843. Entering the legal profession, he was for some time a juge d'instruction in his native town, becoming afterwards head of the statistical department of the ministry of justice. He also held the professorship of modern philosophy at the Collège de France in Paris, and was elected a member of the Académie des sciences morales et politiques in 1900. Attracted to the study of criminology by the opportunities of his profession, he gradually built up for himself a reputation as an acute observer of the phenomena of the subject, while at the same time he made striking and original deductions of his own. Special reference may be made to his theory of “imitation” as outlined in Les Lois de l'imitation (1890), and further elaborated in Logique sociale (1895). He also wrote L'Opinion et la foule (1901); Les Transformations du droit (1894); Les Transformations du pouvoir (1899); L’Opposition universelle (1897) and Psychologie économique (1902; Eng. trans., Social Laws, 1899). He died in Paris in 1904.
See bibliography of the sociological writings of Tarde in M. M. Davis, Psychological Interpretations of Society (Columbia University Press, 1909); also A. Matagrin, La Psychologie sociale de Gabriel Tarde (Paris, 1910).
TARDIGRADA, apparently Arthropodous animals whose
relationship to the great classes of this sub-kingdom is masked
by degenerative modification. They are microscopical in size
and live in damp moss or water. The body is elongated and
furnished with four pairs of short, unjointed, stump-like legs,
each terminated by a pair of claws. The legs of the posterior
Milnesium tardigradum,
Schrank. a, ovary;
b, oval stylite (?); c,
mouth; d., alimentary
canal; e...e, legs.
pair project from the hinder extremity
of the body and the anus opens between
them. The mouth, situated at the opposite
end and armed with a pair of
stylets, leads into an oesophagus, into
which the ducts of a pair of so-called
salivary glands open. Behind this
point there is a muscular pharynx or
gizzard, which communicates with the
wide intestinal tract. No organs of
circulation or respiration are known;
but the nervous system is well developed,
and consists of a pair of
ganglia corresponding with the limbs
and connected by longitudinal commissural
chords. Anteriorly these chords
embrace the oesophagus and unite with
the cerebral mass which innervates the
pair of eyes when present. The sexes
are not distinct, the sexual organs being
represented by a pair of testes and a
single ovary, which open together into
the posterior end of the alimentary canal. The Tardigrada have
been regarded as degenerate Acari largely on account of their
possessing four pairs of ambulatory limbs, which is considered
