origin and much like the Kirghizes, but reduced now to a few
hundreds, are akin to the above. (10) The Tatars of the northern
slopes of the Altai (nearly 20,000 in number) are of Finnish origin.
They comprise some hundreds of Kumandintses, the Lebed Tatars,
the Chernevyie or Black-Forest Tatars and the Shors (11,000),
descendants of the Kuznetsk or Iron-Smith Tatars. They are
chiefly hunters, passionately loving their taiga, or wild forests, and have maintained their Shaman religion and tribal organization into
suoks. They live partly also on cedar-nuts and honey collected in
the forests. Their dress is that of their former rulers, the Kalmucks,
and their language contains many Mongol words. (11) The Altai
Tatars, or “Altaians,” comprise—(a) the Mountain Kalmucks
(12,000), to whom this name has been given by mistake, and who
have nothing in common with the Kalmucks except their dress and
mode of life, while they speak a Turkish dialect, and (b) the Teleutes, or Telenghites (5800), a remainder of a formerly numerous and
warlike nation who have migrated from the mountains to the
lowlands, where they now live along with Russian peasants.
Although Turkestan and Central Asia were formerly known as
Independent Tartary, it is not now usual to call the Sarts, Kirghiz and
other inhabitants of those countries Tatars, nor is the name usually
given to the Yakuts of Eastern Siberia.
It is evident from the above that the name Tatars was originally applied to both the Turkish and Mongol stems which invaded Europe six centuries ago, and gradually extended to the Turkish stems mixed with Mongol or Finnish blood in Siberia. It is used at present in two senses: (a) Quite loosely to designate any of the Ural-Altaic tribes, except perhaps Osmanlis, Finns and Magyars, to whom it is not generally applied. Thus some writers talk of the Manchu Tatars. (b) In a more restricted sense to designate Mahommedan Turkish-speaking tribes, especially in Russia, who never formed part of the Seljuk or Ottoman Empire, but made independent settlements and remained more or less cut off from the politics and civilization of the rest of the Mahommedan world.
Authorities.—The literature of the subject is very extensive, and bibliographical indexes may be found in the Geographical Dictionary of P. Semenov, appended to the articles devoted respectively to the names given above, as also in the yearly Indexes by M. Mezhov and the Oriental Bibliography of Lucian Scherman. Besides the well-known works of Castrén, which are a very rich source of information on the subject, Schiefner (St Petersburg academy of science), Donner, Ahlqvist and other explorers of the Ural-Altaians, as also those of the Russian historians Soloviev, Kostomarov, Bestuzhev-Ryumin, Schapov, and Ilovaiskiy, the following containing valuable information may be mentioned: the publications of the Russian Geographical Society and its branches; the Russian Etnographicheskiy Sbornik; the Izvestia of the Moscow society of the amateurs of natural science; the works of the Russian ethnographical congresses; Kostrov's researches on the Siberian Tatars in the memoirs of the Siberian branch of the geographical society; Radlov's Reise durch den Altai, Aus Sibirien; “Picturesque Russia” (Zhivopisnaya Rossiya); Semenov's and Potanin's “Supplements” to Ritter's Asien; Harkavi's report to the congress at Kazañ; Hartakhai's “Hist. of Crimean Tatars,” in Vyestnik Evropy, 1866 and 1867; “Katchinsk Tatars,” in Izvestia Russ. Geogr. Soc., xx., 1884. Various scattered articles on Tatars will be found in the Revue orientale pour les Études Oural-Altaiques, and in the publications of the university of Kazañ. See also E. H. Parker, A Thousand Years of the Tartars, 1895 (chiefly a summary of Chinese accounts of the early Turkish and Tatar tribes), and Skrine and Ross, Heart of Asia (1899). (P. A. K.; C. El.)
TATE, SIR HENRY, Bart. (1819–1899), English merchant
and founder of the National Gallery of British Art, was born
at Chorley, Lancashire, in 1819. His father, a minister of
religion, put him into business' in Liverpool. He became a
prosperous sugar-broker, and about 1874 removed to London,
where he greatly increased the operations of his firm and made
“ Tate's Cube Sugar ” known all over the world. He had early
in his career begun to devote large sums of money to philanthropic
and educational purposes. He gave £42,000 to the
Liverpool University College, founded in 1881; and a still
larger sum to the Liverpool hospitals. Then, when he came
to London, he presented four free public libraries to the parish
of Lambeth. His interest in art came with later years. He
was at first merely a regular buyer of pictures, for which he
built a large private gallery in his house at Streatham.
Gradually his gallery came to contain one of the best private
collections of modern pictures in England, and the owner
naturally began to consider what should be done with it after
his death. It had always been his intention to leave it to the
nation, but in the way of carrying out this generous desire
there stood several obstacles. The National Gallery could not
have accepted more than a selection from Tate's pictures, which
were not all up to the standard of Trafalgar Square; and even
when he offered to build a new gallery for them, it was found
difficult to secure a suitable site. What Tate offered was to
spend £80,000 upon a building if the government would provide
the ground; and in 1892 this offer was accepted. A new
gallery, controlled by the Trustees of the National Gallery, was
built on the site of Millbank Prison. The gallery was opened
on 21st July 1897, and a large addition to it was completed
just before the donor died. It contained sixty-five pictures
presented by him; nearly all the English pictures from the
National Gallery painted within the previous eighty years; the
pictures purchased by the Royal Academy under the Chantrey
Bequest, which had previously hung in South Kensington
Museum; and seventeen large works given to the nation by
Mr G. F. Watts, R.A. Mr Tate was created a baronet in the
year after the Tate Gallery had been opened. He died at
Streatham on the 5th of December 1899.
TATE, JAMES (1771-1843), English classical scholar and schoolmaster, was born at Richmond in Yorkshire on the 11th of
June 1771. He was educated at Richmond school and Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge (fellow, 1795)- From 1796 to 1833 he held the headmastership of his old school, being then appointed canon of St Paul's and vicar of Edmonton. He died on the 2nd of September 1843. The work by which he is chiefly known is his Horatius Restilutus (1832).
TATE, NAHUM (1652-1715), English poet laureate and playwright, was born in Dublin in 1652. He was the son of Faithful Teate (as the name was spelt), who wrote a quaint poem on the Trinity entitled Ter Tria. Nahum Tate was educated at Trinity College, Dublin, graduating B.A. in 1672. He published a volume of poems in London in 1677, and became a regular writer for the stage. Brutus of Alba, or The Enchanted Lovers (1678), a tragedy dealing with Dido and Aeneas, and The Loyal General (1680), were followed by a series of adaptations from Elizabethan dramas. In Shakespeare's Richard II. he altered the names of the personages, and changed the text so that every scene, to use his own words, was "full of respect to Majesty and the dignity of courts"; but in spite of these precautions The Sicilian Usurper (1681) was suppressed on the third representation on account of a possible political interpretation. King Lear (1687) was fitted with a bappy ending in a marriage between Cordelia and Edgar; and Coriolanus became the Ingratitude of a Commonwealth (1682). From John Fletcher he adapted The Island Princess (1687); from Chapman and Marston's Eastward Ho he derived the Cuckold's Haven (1685); from John Webster's White Devil he took Injured Love, or The Cruel Husband (pr. 1707); and Sir Aston Cockayne's Trappolin suppos'd a Prince he imitated in Duke and no Duke (1685). Tate's name is chiefly connected with these mangled versions of other men's plays and with the famous New Version of the Psalms of David (1696), in which he collaborated with Nicholas Brady. A supplement was licensed in 1703. Some of these hymns, notably "While Shepherds watched," and "As pants the hart," rise above the general dull level, and are said to be Tate's work.
Tate was commissioned by Dryden to write the Second Part of Absalom and Achilophel. The portraits of Elkanah Settle and Thomas Shadwell, however, are attributed to Dryden, who probably also put the finishing touches to the poem. Of his numerous poems the most original is Panacea, a poem on Tea (1700). In spite of his consistent Toryism, he succeeded Shadwell as poet laureate in 1692. He died within the precincts of the Mint, Southwark, where he had taken refuge from his creditors, on the 12th of August 1715.
TATE, RALPH (1840–1901), British geologist, was born at Alnwick in Northumberland in 1840. He was a nephew of George Tate (1805-1871), naturalist and archaeologist, an active member
of the Berwickshire Naturalists' Club. He was educated at the Cheltenham Training College and at the Royal School of Mines, and in 1861 he was appointed teacher of natural science at the Philosophical Institution in Belfast. He there studied botany, and published his Flora Belfaslinesis (1863); and he also investigated the Cretaceous and Liassic rocks of Antrim,
