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Protestant than amongst Roman Catholic communities, while Jews have a smaller suicide-rate than Roman Catholics. A point of considerable interest is the increase of suicide in relation to the advance of elementary education. Ogle states that suicide is more common among the educated than the illiterate classes. It is also more prevalent in urban than in rural districts. A curious feature in large towns is the sudden outbreak of self-destruction which sometimes occurs, and which has led to its being described as epidemic. In such cases force of example and imitation undoubtedly play a considerable part, as it is well recognized that both these forces exert an influence not only in causing suicide, but also in suggesting the method, time and place for the act. No age above five years is exempted from furnishing its quota of suicidal deaths, although self-destruction between five and ten years is very rare. Above this age the proportion of suicides increases at each period, the maximum being reached between fifty-five and sixty-five. Among females there is a greater relative prevalence at earlier age periods than among males. The modes of suicide are found to vary very slightly in different countries. Hanging is most common amongst males; then drowning, injuries from fire-arms, stabs and cuts, poison and precipitation from heights. Amongst females, drowning comes first, while poison and hanging are more frequent than other methods entailing effusion of blood and disfigurement of the person. The methods used in England and Wales by suicides during 1888–1897, and in Scotland during the years 1881–1897, are given in the following table:—

Table III.
Modes of Suicide in England and Wales, 1888–1897.

Order of Frequency.	Males.		Females.		Both Sexes.
	Mode.	Number.	Mode.	Number.	Mode.	Number.
1	Hanging	5669	Drowning	2089	Hanging	7005
2	Stab-cut	3594	Poison	1652	Drowning	5532
3	Drowning	3443	Hanging	1336	Stab-cut	4365
4	Poison	2264	Stab-cut	771	Poison	3916
5	Fire-arms	2152	Fire-arms	52	Fire-arms	2204
6	Otherwise	1773	Otherwise	527	Otherwise	2300
	Total	18,895	Total	6427	Total	25,322

 

Modes of Suicide in Scotland, 1881–1897.

Order of Frequency.	Males.		Females.		Both Sexes.
	Mode.	Number.	Mode.	Number.	Mode.	Number.
1	Hanging	741	Drowning	430	Drowning	1060
2	Drowning	630	Hanging	257	Hanging	998
3	Stab-cut	556	Poison	145	Stab-cut	700
4	Poison	257	Stab-cut	144	Poison	402
5	Fire-arms	245	Fire-arms	6	Fire-arms	251
6	Otherwise	207	Otherwise	100	Otherwise	307
	Total	2636	Total	1082	Total	3718

The season of the year influences suicide practically uniformly in all European countries, the number increasing from the commencement of the year to a maximum in May or June, and then declining again to a minimum in winter. Morselli attempts to account for this greater prevalence during what may well be called the most beautiful months of the year by attributing it to the influence of increased temperature upon the organism, while Durkheim suggests that the determining factor is more probably to be found in the length of the day and the effect of a longer period of daily activity. The suicide-rate is higher in certain male occupations and professions than in others (Ogle). Thus it is high amongst soldiers, doctors, innkeepers and chemists, and low for clergy, bargemen, railway drivers and stokers. The suicide-rate is twice as great for unoccupied males as for occupied males.

Authorities.—Morselli, Il Suicidio (Milan, 1879); Legoyt, Le Suicide ancien et modern (Paris, 1881); Westcott, Suicide: its History, Literature, &c. (London, 1885); Ogle, “Suicides in England and Wales, in relation to Age, Sex, Season, and Occupation,” Journal of the Statistical Society (1886), vol. xlix.; Strahan, Suicide and Insanity (London, 1893); Mayr, “Selbstmord statistik,” in Handwörterbuch der Staatswissenschaften (Jena, 1895); Durkheim, Le Suicide (Paris, 1897).  (H. H. L.) 

SŪÏDAS, Greek lexicographer. Nothing is known of him, except that he must have lived before Eustathius (12th–13th century), who frequently quotes him. Under the heading “Adam” the author of the lexicon (which a prefatory note states to be “by Sūïdas”) gives a brief chronology of the world, ending with the death of the emperor John Zimisces (975), and under “Constantinople” his successors Basil and Constantine are mentioned. It would thus appear that Sūïdas lived in the latter part of the 10th century. The passages in which Michael Psellus (end of the 11th century) is referred to are considered later interpolations. The lexicon of Sūïdas is arranged alphabetically with some slight deviations, letters and combinations of letters having the same sound being placed together; thus, αι and ε follow δ, and ει, η, ι follow ζ. It partakes of the nature of a dictionary and encyclopedia. It includes numerous quotations from ancient writers; the scholiasts on Aristophanes, Homer, Sophocles and Thucydides are also much used. The biographical notices, the author tells us, are condensed from the Onomatologion or Pinax of Hesychius of Miletus; other sources were the excerpts of Constantine Porphyrogenitus, the chronicle of Georgius Monachus, the biographies of Diogenes Laërtius and the works of Athenaeus and Philostratus. The work deals with scriptural as well as pagan subjects, from which it is inferred that the writer was a Christian. A prefatory note gives a list of dictionaries from which the lexical portion was compiled, together with the names of their authors. Although the work is uncritical and probably much interpolated, and the value of the articles is very unequal, it contains much information on ancient history and life.

Editio princeps, by Demetrius Chalcondyles (1499); later editions by L. Küster (1705), T. Gaisford (1834), G. Bernhardy (1834–1853) and I. Bekker (1854); see A. Daub, De S. Biographicorum origine et fide (1880) and Studien zu den Biograrphika des S. (1882); and J. E. Sandys, Hist. of Classical Scholarship (1906), p. 407.

SUIDUN (Chinese, Sui-din-chen), a town of China, capital of the province of Kulja. It is the residence of the governor-general, and was founded in 1762 during the Mussulman rising, and rebuilt in 1883. It is a military town, with provision stores, an arsenal and an arms workshop. Its walls are armed with steel guns.

SUINA, a group of non-ruminating artiodactyle ungulate mammals typihed by the swine (Suidae), but also including the hippopotamus (Hippopotamidae), and certain extinct forms. (See Artiodactyla; Hippopotamus; Peccary; Swine.)

SUITE (Suite de pièces; Ordre; Partita), in music, a group of dance tunes, mostly in binary form, of a type which may be described as “decorative” (see Sonata Forms); constituting that classical form of early 18th-century instrumental music which most nearly foreshadows the later sonata. As understood by Bach, it consists essentially of four principal movements with the insertion of one or more lighter movements between the third and the last. The first movement is the allemande, of solid and intricate texture, in slow common time and rich flowing rhythm, beginning with one or three short notes before the first full bar. The second movement is the courante, of which there are two kinds. The French courante is again an intricate movement, also beginning with one or three notes before the main beat, and in a triple time (3/2) which, invariably at the cadences and sometimes elsewhere, drops into a crossing triple rhythm of twice the pace (6/4). The effect is restless and confused, and was supposed to form a contrast to the allemande; but it seldom did so effectively. Bach's study of Couperin led him to use the French courante frequently, but he was happier with the Italian type of corrente, which did not owe its name, like the French type, to the use of spasmodic runs, but was a brilliant continuously running piece in quick triple time (3/4 or 2/5), forming a clear and lively contrast both to the allemande and to the third movement, which is generally a sarabande.