he wrote The Medicine Man, produced at the Lyceum in 1898. He died in London on the 21st of February 1900.
TRAIN (M. Eng. trayn or trayne, derived through Fr. from
Late Lat. trahinare, to drag, draw, Lat. trahere, cf. trail, trace, ultimately from the same source), a general term applied to that
which is drawn or trailed behind or after anything else, the hind
part or rear of anything. It is thus used of the portion of a skirt, robe or cloak which is lengthened behind so that when allowed to fall it trails along the ground. In ceremonial processions and other state functions the duty of keeping raised the train of the sovereign's robes, or of the robes of great officials and dignitaries, is assigned to pages or to official train-bearers. The length of the train which ladies must wear at royal courts, drawing-rooms or other state functions is fixed by regulations from the lord chamberlain's office. The chief specific uses of the term are for the trail of a gun, that portion of the carriage which rests upon the ground when it is unlimbered, the line of gunpowder or other combustible material which is used to ignite a charge of explosives, and, figuratively, to an ordered series or sequence of events, thoughts, &c. The most familiar
application is to a number of carriages, wagons or trucks coupled
together and drawn by a locomotive engine on a railway (see Railways). A special use of the verb " to train," in the sense of to educate, to instruct, to bring into fit and proper condition, mental, moral or physical, is developed, as in "educate" (Lat. educate, literally, to draw out), from the sense of drawing or bringing out the good qualities aimed at in a course of instruction; a specific use is that of training for a race or other form of athletics, i.e. getting into fit physical condition.
TRAJAN [Marcus Ulpius Trajanus] (a. d. 53-117),
Roman emperor, was born at Italica, in Spain, on the 18th
of September 52 (or 53). The family to which he belonged
was probably Italian and not Iberian by Wood. His father
began as a common legionary soldier, and fought his way up
to the consulship and the governorship of Asia. The younger
Trajan was rigorously trained by him, and imbued with the
same principles and tastes. He was a soldier born and bred.
No better representative of the true old hardy Roman type,
little softened by either luxury or education, had come to the
head of affairs since the days of Marius. His training was
almost exclusively military, but his experience as an officer
gave him an acquaintance with almost every important province
of the empire, which was of priceless value to him when he came
to the throne. For ten years he held a commission as military
tribune, which took him to many lands far asunder; then he
filled important posts in Syria and Spain. By the year 89
he had achieved a considerable military reputation. At that
time L. Antonius Saturninus headed a rebellion in Germany,
which threatened seriously to bring Domitian's rule to an end.
Trajan was ordered in hot haste from Further Spain to the
Rhine. Although he carried his troops over that long and
arduous march with almost unexampled " rapidity, he only
arrived after the insurrection had been put down. But his
promptitude raised him higher in the favour of Domitian, and
he was advanced to the consulship in 91. Of the next five
years of his life we know nothing definite. It is not unlikely
that they were spent at Rome or in Italy in the fulfilment of
some official duties. When the revolution of 96 came, and
Nerva replaced the murdered Domitian, one of the most
important posts in the empire, that of consular legate of Upper
Germany, was conferred upon Trajan. An officer whose
nature, as the event showed, was interpenetrated with the
spirit of legality was a fitting servant of a revolution whose aim
it was to substitute legality for personal caprice as the dominant
principle of affairs. The short reign of Nerva really did start
the empire on a new career, which lasted more than three-quarters of a century. But it also demonstrated how impossible it was for any one to govern at all who had no claim, either
personal or inherited, to the respect of the legions. Nerva saw
that if he could not find an Augustus to control the army, the
army would find another Domitian to trample the senate under
foot. In his difficulties he took counsel with L. Licinius Sura,
a lifelong friend of Trajan, and on the 27th of October in the
year 97 he ascended the Capitol and proclaimed that he adopted
Trajan as his son. The senate confirmed the choice and
acknowledged the emperor's adopted son as his successor.
After a little hesitation Trajan accepted the position, which
was marked by the titles of imperator, Caesar and Germanicus,
and by the tribunician authority. He immediately proceeded
to Lower Germany, to assure himself of the fidelity of the
troops in that province, and while at Cologne he received news
of Nerva's death (Jan. 25, 98). The authority of the new
emperor was recognized at once all over the empire. The novel
fact that a master of the Romans should have been born or.
Spanish soil seems to have passed with little remark, and this
absence of notice is significant. Trajan's first care as emperor
was to write to the senate an assurance like that which had been
given by Nerva, that he would neither kill nor degrade any
senator. He ordered the establishment of a temple and cult
in honour of his adoptive father, but he did not come to Rome.
In his dealings with the mutinous praetorians the strength of
the new emperor's hand was shown at once. He ordered a
portion of the force to Germany. They did not venture to
disobey, and were distributed among the legions there. Those
who remained at Rome were easily overawed and reformed.
It is still more surprising that the soldiers should have quietly
submitted to a reduction in the amount of the donative or gift
which it was customary for them to receive from a new emperor,
though the civil population of the capital were paid their largess
(congiarium) in full. By politic management Trajan was able
to represent the diminution as a sort of discount for immediate
payment, while the civilians had to v/ait a considerable time
before their full due was handed to them.
The secret of Trajan's power lay in his close personal relations with the officers and men of the army and in the soldierly qualities which commanded their esteem. He possessed courage, justice and frankness. Having a good title to military distinction himself, he could afford, as the unwarlike emperors could not, to be generous to his officers. The common soldiers, on the other hand, were fascinated by his personal prowess and his camaraderie. His features were firm and clearly cut; his figure was tall and soldierly. His hair was already grey before he came to the throne, though he was not more than forty-five years old. When on service he used the mean fare of the common private, dining on salt pork, cheese and sour wine. Nothing pleased him better than to take part with the centurion or the soldier in fencing or other military exercise, and he would applaud any shrewd blow which fell upon his own helmet. He loved to display his acquaintance with the career of dis- tinguished veterans, and to talk with them of their battles and their wounds. Probably he lost nothing of his popularity with the army by occasional indulgence in sensual pleasures. Yet every man felt and knew that no detail of military duty, how- ever minute, escaped the emperor's eye, and that any relaxation of discipline would be punished rigorously, yet with unwavering justice. Trajan emphasized at once his personal control and the constitutionality of his sway by bearing on his campaigns the actual title of " proconsul, " which no other emperor had done. All things considered, it is not surprising that he was able, without serious opposition from the army, entirely to remodel the military institutions of the empire, and to bring them into a shape from which there was comparatively lit tie departure so long as the army lasted. In disciplinary matters no emperor since Augustus had been able to keep so strong a control over the troops. Pliny rightly praises Trajan as the lawgiver and the founder of discipline, and Vegetius classes Augustus, Trajan and Hadrian together as restorers of the morale of the army. The confidence which existed between Trajan and his army finds expression in some of the coins of his reign.
For nearly two years after his election Trajan did not appear in Rome. He had decided already what the great task of his reign should be — the establishment of security upon the dangerous north-eastern frontier. Before visiting the capital
