he was made K.C.B.; afterwards he was for three years superintendent of reserves, in which capacity it fell to him to command one of the opposing fleets during the summer manœuvres, when he showed marked ability and originality of ideas. In 1889 he was promoted to be vice-admiral; and in August 1891 was appointed to command the Mediterranean fleet, which under him—following the example of his old chief, Sir Geoffrey Hornby—became very distinctly an evolutionary and, in that sense, experimental squadron. Some of his methods were afterwards said to be dangerous; but those which were most severely criticized do not appear to have anything to do with the lamentable accident which ended Tryon’s career. On the 22nd of June 1893, the fleet being then off Tripoli on the coast of Syria, in two columns, Tryon made the signal to invert the course, the ships turning inwards in succession. By a fatal error, the psychological cause of which has never been explained, he ignored the patent fact that the two columns were so near each other that the manœuvre, as ordered, must entail the most serious risk, if not certainty, of collision. And, in fact, the two leading ships did come into collision, with the result that the “Victoria,” Tryon’s flagship, was cut open and sank in a few minutes. Tryon and 358 officers and men were drowned.
See the Life, by Rear-Admiral C. C. Penrose-FitzGerald.
TRYON, THOMAS (1634–1703), English humanitarian, was
born at Bilbury near Cirencester on the 6th of September 1634.
He had but little schooling, spending his youth first in spinning
and carding and then as a shepherd. In 1652 he went to
London, apprenticed himself to a hatter, and accepted his
master’s Anabaptist principles until he read the works of
Jacob Behmen. He now lived a very ascetic life, though he
married and became a prosperous merchant. In 1682 he began
to publish his views in support of vegetarianism and abstinence
from alcohol and tobacco. He detested war, and in this and
his mysticism resembled the early Quakers. He died on the
21st of August 1703.
His best known book, The Way to Health (1691), which much impressed Benjamin Franklin, was a second edition of Health’s Grand Preservative; or, The Women’s Best Doctor (London, 1682). He wrote on many other subjects, e.g. the education of children, the treatment of negro slaves, the way to save wealth, and dreams and visions. Some scanty autobiographical memoirs were published in 1705.
TRYON, WILLIAM (1729–1788), American colonial governor,
was born at Norbury Park, Surrey, England, in 1729. In
1757, when he was a captain of the First Foot Guards, he married
a London heiress with a dower of £30,000. In 1764 he was
appointed lieutenant-governor of North Carolina, upon Arthur
Dobbs’s death in 1765 became governor pro tem., and in December
of the same year received his commission as governor. Like
many other pre-Revolutionary officials in America, he has
generally been pictured by American writers as a tyrant. In
reality, however, he seems to have been tactful and considerate,
an efficient administrator, who in particular greatly improved
the colonial postal service, and to have become unpopular
chiefly because, through his rigid adherence to duty, he obeyed
the instructions of his superiors and rigorously enforced the
measures of the British government. By refusing to allow
meetings of the Assembly from the 18th of May 1765 to the 3rd
of November 1766, he prevented North Carolina from sending
representatives to the Stamp Act Congress in 1765. To lighten
the stamp tax he offered to pay the duty on all stamped paper
on which he was entitled to fees. With the support of the
law-abiding element he suppressed the Regulator uprising in
1768–71, caused partly by the taxation imposed to defray the
cost of the governor’s fine mansion at New Bern (which Tryon
had made the provincial capital), and executed seven or eight
of the ringleaders, pardoning six others. From 1771 nominally
until the 22nd of March 1780 he was governor of New York.
While he was on a visit to England the War of Independence
broke out, and on the 19th of October 1775, several months
after his return, he was compelled to seek refuge on the sloop of
war “Halifax” in New York Harbour, but was restored to
power when the British took possession of New York City in
September 1776, though his actual authority did not extend
beyond the British lines. In 1777, with the rank of major-general,
he became commander of a corps of Loyalists, and in
1779 invaded Connecticut and burned Danbury, Fairfield
and Norwalk. In 1780 he returned to England, and in 1782
was promoted to be lieutenant-general. He died in London on
the 27th of January 1788.
See Marshal D. Haywood, Governor William Tryon and his Administration in the Province of North Carolina (Raleigh, North Carolina, 1903).
TRYPANOSOMES, or Haemoflagellates, minute Protozoan parasites, characterized by the possession of one or two flagella and an undulating membrane, and specially adapted for life in the blood of a vertebrate.[1] Of late years considerable progress has taken place in our knowledge of these organisms, research upon them having been stimulated by the realization of their extreme importance in medical parasitology. Not only has the number of known forms been greatly multiplied, but the study of the biology and life-history of the parasites has been attended in some cases with remarkable and unexpected results.
Historical.—The first observation of a trypanosome is usually ascribed to Valentin (55), who in 1841 announced his discovery of certain amoeboid parasites in the blood of a trout. In the two or three years following several other observers recorded the occurrence of similar haematozoa in various fishes. The generic name of Trypanosoma was conferred by Gruby in 1843 upon the well known parasite of frogs. E. Ray Lankester (18) subsequently described this same form (under the name of Undulina ranarum) and was the first to indicate the presence of a nucleus in the cell-body.
To Mitrophanow (1883–1884) and Danilewsky (1885–1889) we owe the first serious attempts to study the comparative anatomy of these haematozoa. Trypanosomes were first met with in cases of disease by Griffith Evans, who in 1880 found them in the blood of horses suffering from surra in India. In 1894 (Sir) David Bruce discovered the celebrated South African parasite (T. brucei) in cattle and horses laid low with nagana or the tsetse-fly disease; and this worker subsequently demonstrated, in a brilliant manner, the essential part played by the tsetse-fly in transmitting the parasites. The credit for first recognizing a trypanosome in human blood, and describing it as such, must undoubtedly be assigned to G. Nepveu (1898). Trypanosomes were next seen in human blood
