document printed or historical statement made by him can henceforward be accepted without careful verification and examination. These discoveries have a painful interest and importance, since down to the latter part of the 19th century Swiss historical writers had largely based their works on his investigations and manuscripts.
For a summary of these discoveries see G. v. Wyss in the Jahrbuch of the Historical Society of Glarus (1895), vol. xxx., in Nº 1 (1894), of the Anzeiger f. schweizerische Geschichte, and in his Geschichte d. Historiographie in d. Schweiz (1895), pp. 196, 201, 202. The original articles by Vögelin (Roman inscriptions) appeared in vols. xi., xiv. and xv. (1886-1890) of the Jahrbuch f. schweizer Geschichte, and that by Schulte (Glarus) in vol. xviii. (1893) of the same periodical. For the defence, see a weak pamphlet, Schulte u. Tschudi (Coire, 1898), by P. C. v. Planta.
Tschudi's chief works were not published until long after his death. The Beschreibung Galliae Comatae appeared under Gallati's editorship in 1758, and is mainly devoted to a topographical, historical and antiquarian description of ancient Helvetia and Rhaetia, the latter part being his early work on Rhaetia revised and greatly enlarged. This book was designed practically as an introduction to his magnum opus, the Chronicon helveticum, part of which (from 1001 to 1470) was published by J. R. Iselin in two stately folios (1734–1736); the rest consists only of rough materials. There exist two rather antiquated biographies of Tschudi by I. Fuchs (2 vols., St Gall, 1805) and C. Vogel (Zürich, 1856), but his extensive complete correspondence has not yet been printed.
Subjoined is a list of other prominent members of the family. Dominic (1596–1654) was abbot of Muri and wrote a painstaking work, Origo et genealogia gloriosissimorum comitum de Habsburg (1651). Joseph, a Benedictine monk at Einsiedeln, wrote a useful history of his abbey (1823). The family, which became divided in religious matters at the Reformation, also includes several Protestant ministers: John Henry (1670–1729), who wrote Beschreibung des Lands Glarus (1714); John Thomas (1714–1788), who left behind him several elaborate MSS. on the local history of Glarus; and John James (1722–1784), who compiled an elaborate family history from 900 to 1500, and an account of other Glarus families. John Louis Baptist (d. 1784), who settled in Metz and contributed to the Encyclopédie, and Frederick (1820–1886), the author of Das Thierleben der Alpenwelt (1853), were distinguished naturalists. Among the soldiers may be mentioned Christopher (1571–1629), a knight of Malta and an excellent linguist, who served in the French and Spanish armies; while the brothers Louis Leonard (1700–1779) and Joseph Anthony (1703–1770) were in the Neapolitan service. Valentine (1499–1555), the cousin of Giles, was, like the latter, a pupil of Zwingli, whom he afterwards succeeded as pastor of Glarus, and by his moderation gained so much influence that during the thirty years of his ministry his services were attended alike by Romanists and Protestants. The best-known member of the family in the 19th century was Iwan (1816–1887), author of an excellent guide-book to Switzerland, which appeared first (1855) under the name of Schweizerführer, but is best known under de title (given in 1872 to an entirely recast edition) of Der Tourist in der Schweiz. (W. A. B. C.)
TSĒNG KUO-FAN (1811–1872), Chinese statesman and
general, was born in 1811 in the province of Hunan, where he
took in succession the three degrees of Chinese scholarship.
In 1843 he was appointed chief literary examiner in the province
of Szechuen, and six years later was made junior vice-president
of the board of rites. When holding the office of military
examiner (1851) he was compelled by the death of his mother
to retire to his native district for the regulation mourning. At
this time the Taiping rebels were overrunning Hunan in their
conquering career, and had possessed themselves of the cities
and strongholds on both shores of the Yangtse-kiang. By a
special decree Tsēng was ordered to assist the governor of the
province in raising a volunteer force, and on his own initiative
he built a fleet of war junks, with which he attacked the rebels.
In his first engagement he was defeated, but, happily for him,
his lieutenants were more successful. They recovered the
capital, Chang-sha, and destroyed the rebel fleet. Following up
these victories of his subordinates, Tsēng recaptured Wuchang
and Hanyang, near Hankow, and was rewarded for his success
by being appointed vice-president of the board of war. In
1853 other triumphs led to his being made a baturu (a Manchu
order for rewarding military prowess), and to his being decorated
with a yellow riding-jacket. Meanwhile, in his absence, the
rebels retook Wuchang and burnt the protecting fleet. The tide
quickly turned, however, and Tsēng succeeded in clearing the
country round the Poyang lake, and subsequently in ridding the
province of Kiangsu of the enemy. His father died in 1857,
and after a brief mourning he was ordered to take supreme
command in Cheh-kiang, and to co-operate with the governor of
Fukien in the defence of that province. Subsequently the rebels
were driven westwards, and Tsēng would have started in pursuit
had he not been called on to clear the province of Ngan-hui of
rebel bands. In 1860 he was appointed Viceroy of the two Kiang
provinces and Imperial war commissioner. At this time, and for
some time previously, he had been fortunate in having the active
support of Tso Tsung-t'ang, who at a later period recovered
Kashgar for the emperor, and of Li Hung-Chang. Like all true
leaders of men, he knew how to reward good service, and when
occasion offered he appointed the former to the governorship of
Cheh-kiang and the latter to that of Kiangsu. In 1862 he was
appointed assistant grand secretary of state. At this time the
Imperial forces, assisted by the “Ever-victorious Army,” had
checked the progress of the rebellion, and Tsēng was able to carry
out a scheme which he had long formulated of besieging Nanking,
the rebel headquarters. While Gordon, with the help of Li
Hung-Chang, was clearing the cities on the lower waters of the
Yangtse-kiang, Tsēng drew closer his besieging lines around the
doomed city. In July 1864 the city fell into his hands, and he
was rewarded with the rank and title of marquis and the right
to wear the double-eyed peacock's feather. After the suppression
of the Taipings the Nienfei rebellion, closely related to the
former movement, broke out in Shantung, and Tsēng was sent
to quell it. Success did not, however, always attend him on this
campaign, and by Imperial order he was relieved of his command
by Li Hung-Chang, who in the same way succeeded him in the
vice royalty of Chihli, where, after the massacre of Tientsin (1870),
Tsēng failed to carry out the wishes of his Imperial master.
After this rebuff he retired to his vice royalty at Nanking, where
he died in 1872.
Tsēng was a voluminous writer. His papers addressed to the throne and his literary disquisitions are held in high esteem by the scholars of China, who treasure as a memorial of a great and uncorrupt statesman the edition of his collected works in 156 books, which was edited by Li Hung-Chang in 1876. (R. K. D.)
TSETSE-FLY (Tsetse, an English rendering of the Bantu nsi-nsi, a fly), a name applied indiscriminately to any one of the
eight species of Glossina, a genus of African blood-sucking Diptera (two-winged flies, see Diptera), of the family Mussidae. Tsetse-flies are of great economic and pathological importance as the disseminators of tsetse-fly disease (nagana) and sleeping sickness. These maladies are caused by minute unicellular
animal parasites (haematozoa) of the genus Trypanosoma (see
Trypanosomes); and recent investigations have shown that, under normal conditions, the particular species of Trypanosoma concerned (T. brucei, in the case of nagana, and T . gambiense in that of sleeping sickness) are introduced into the blood of susceptible animals or man only by the bite of one or other of the
species of tsetse. (See Parasitic Diseases). The names of the recognized species of tsetse-flies are as follows: Glossina palpalis (see fig.); G. pallicera; G. morsitans; G. tachinoides; G. pallidipes; G. longipalpis; G. fusca; and G. longipennis. A ninth so-called species, described in 1905 from specimens from Angola, is not really distinct from G. palpalis but appears to be identical with the sub-species G. palpalis wellmani.
In appearance tsetse are somewhat narrow-bodied flies, with a prominent proboscis, which projects horizontally in front of the head, and with the wings in the resting position closed flat one over the other like the blades of a pair of scissors (see fig., B). The latter characteristic affords an infallible means for the recognition of these insects, since it at once serves to distinguish them from any blood-sucking flies with which they might otherwise be confused. The coloration of tsetse-flies is sombre and inconspicuous; the brownish
