given in German history to an arrangement made in 1514 between Duke Ulrich and his subjects, by which the latter acquired various rights and privileges on condition of relieving the former of his debts. The town was captured by the Swabian League in 1519, by Turenne in 1647, and again in 1688 by the French, who destroyed the walls.
See Eifert, Geschichte und Beschreibung der Stadt und Universität Tübingen (Tübingen,1849); Maier, Die Musenstadt Tübingen (Tübingen, 1904); Tübingen und seine Umgebung (Tübingen, 1887-1889).
TUBUAI, or Austal Islands, an archipelago in the south
Pacific Ocean, between 21° 49' and 27° 41' S., 144° 22, and 154°
51' W., to the south of the Society Islands, with a total land area
of 110 sq. m., belonging to France. They form a curved broken
chain from north-west to south-east which includes four principal
islands: Tubuai (area 40 sq. m.), Vavitao or Ravaivai, Rurutu
or Oheteroa, Rapa or Oparo, and Rimitara, with Maretiri or the
Bass Islands, and other islets. Tubuai, Vavitao and Rapa are
volcanic and reach considerable elevations (2100 ft. in Rapa).
The islands are well watered and fertile, producing coco-nut
palms, arrowroot and bananas; but they lie too far south for the
bread fruit to flourish. The natives belong to the Polynesian
race; they were once much more numerous than now, the present
population not exceeding 2000. A Tahitian dialect is spoken in
the western islands; in Rapa, however, which with the Bass
Islands lies detached from the rest, to the south, the language is
akin to that of the Rarotongans in the Cook Islands. There are
remarkable ancient stone platforms and walls, massively built, on
the summits of some of the peaks in Rapa; they resemble the
terraces in Easter Island (Rapanui), which is believed to have
been peopled from Rapa. The scattered islands of the Tubuai
archipelago were discovered at different times. Captain Cook
visited Rurutu in 1769 and Tubuai in 1777; Rapa was discovered
by George Vancouver in 1791, Vavitao perhaps in 1772 by the
Spaniards who attempted to colonize Tahiti, and certainly by
Captain Broughton in 1791. The islands never attracted much
attention from Europeans, and the French protection and subsequent
annexation were carried out spasmodically between the
middle of the 19th century and 1889.,
TUCKER, ABRAHAM (1705-1774), English moralist, was born in London, of a Somerset family, on the 2nd of September 1705, son of a wealthy city merchant. His parents dying during his infancy, he was brought up by his uncle, Sir Isaac Tillard. In 1721 he entered Merton College, Oxford, as a gentleman commoner, and studied philosophy, mathematics, French, Italian and music. He afterwards studied laws at the Inner Temple, but was never called to the bar. In 1727 he bought Betchworth Castle, near Dorking, where he passed the remainder of his life. He took no part in politics, and wrote a pamphlet, "The Country Gentleman's Advice to his Son on the Subject of Party Clubs" (1755), cautioning young men against its snares. In 1736 Tucker married Dorothy, the daughter of Edward Barker of East Betchworth, cursitor baron of the exchequer. On her death in 1754, he occupied himself in collecting together all the letters that had passed between them, which, we are told, he transcribed twice over under the title of "The Picture of Artless Love." From this time onward he occupied himself with the composition of his chief work, The Light of Nature Pursued, of which in 1763 he published a specimen under the title of "Free Will." The strictures of a critic in the Monthly Review of July 1763 drew from him a pamphlet called Man in Quest of Himself, by Cuthbert Comment (reprinted in Parr's Metaphysical Tracts, 1837), "a defence of the individuality of the human mind or self." In 1765 the first four volumes of his work were published under the pseudonym "Edward Search." The remaining three volumes appeared posthumously. His eyesight failed him completely in 1771, but he contrived an ingenious apparatus which enabled him to write so legibly that the result could easily be transcribed by his daughter. In this way he completed the later volumes, which were ready for publication when he died on the 20th of November 1774.
His work embraces in its scope many psychological and more strictly metaphysical discussions, but it is chiefly in connexion with ethics that Tucker's speculations are remembered. In some important points he anticipates the utilitarianism afterwards systematized by Paley, who expresses in the amplest terms his obligations to his predecessor. "Every man's own satisfaction" Tucker holds to be the ultimate end of action; and satisfaction or pleasure is one and the same in kind, however much it may vary in degree. This universal motive is further connected, as by Paley, through the will of God, with the "general good, the root where out all our rules of conduct and sentiments of honour are to branch."
The Light of Nature was republished with a biographical sketch by Tucker's grandson, Sir H. P. St John Mildmay (1905), 7 vols. (other editions 1834, 1836, &c.), and an abridged edition by W. Hazlitt appeared in 1807.
See James Mackintosh, Dissertation on the Progress of Ethical Philosophy (Edinburgh, 1832); and specially Sir Leslie Stephen, English Thought in the 18th Century, iii. 119-130.
TUCKER, CHARLOTTE MARIA (1821-1893), English author, who wrote under the pseudonym "A.L.O.E." (a Lady of England),
was born near Barnet, Middlesex, on the 8th of May 1821, the
daughter of Henry St George Tucker (17 71-18 51), a distinguished
official of the East India Company. From 1852 till her death she
wrote many stories for children, most of them allegories with an
obvious moral, and devoted the proceeds to charity. In 1875 she
left England for India to engage in missionary work, and died at
Amritsar on the 2nd of December 1893.
TUCKER, JOSIAH (1712-1799), English economist and divine, the son of a small Welsh farmer, was born at Laugharne, Carmarthenshire, in 1712. He was educated at St John's College, Oxford, and became successively a curate and rector in Bristol. This led him to take considerable interest in politics and trade, and during the greater portion of a long life he poured out a succession of pamphlets on these matters. He was appointed dean of Gloucester in 1758. He died on the 4th of November 1799, and was buried in Gloucester Cathedral. His Important Questions on Commerce (1755) was translated into French by Turgot.
TUCSON (possibly from Piman styuk-son, “dark or brown
spring,” pronounced Tooson), city and county-seat of Pima
county. Arizona, U.S.A., on the Santa Cruz river, in the S.E. part of
the state, about 130 m. S.E. of Phoenix. Pop. (1880),
7007; (1890), 5150; (1900), 7531 (2352 foreign-born, chiefly from
Mexico); (1910), 13,193. It is served by the Southern Pacific and
the Twin Buttes railways, the latter connecting with the mines of
the Twin Buttes district, about 27 m. south by east, and with the
Randolph lines in Mexico. The city lies about 2360 ft. above the
sea in a broad valley sheltered by mountains 5000–9000 ft. high.
Its climate, characteristic of southern Arizona, attracts many
invalids and winter visitors. Tucson is the seat of the university
of Arizona (1891; non-sectarian, coeducational), which is organized
under the Morrill Acts; in 1909 it had 40 instructors and 201
students. At Tucson also are a desert botanical laboratory
(owning a tract of some 1000 acres about 1 m. west of the
city) established by the Carnegie Institution of Washington, St
Joseph’s Academy (Roman Catholic); a Roman Catholic cathedral;
the Tucson Mission (Presbyterian), a boarding school for
Indians, the San Xavier Mission for Indians (Roman Catholic)
and a Carnegie library. In 1900 Tucson became the see of a
Roman Catholic bishop. The surrounding country is arid and
unproductive except where irrigated; but the soil is very rich,
and Tucson is the centre of one of the oldest farming and ranching
districts of the state. The Southern Pacific railway has division
headquarters and repair shops here.
Tucson is first heard of in history in 1699, conjecturally, as an Indian rancheria or settlement; and in 1763 certainly as a visita, in that year temporarily abandoned, of the Jesuit mission of San Xavier del Bac, founded between 1720 and 1732, 9 m. south of what is now Tucson; in 1776 it was made a presidio (San Augustin del Tugison), or military output, an although a few Spaniards may possibly have lived there before, the foundation of Tucson as a Spanish town dates from this time. It was never after abandoned during the Indian wars. In 1848 it had 760 inhabitants. The abandonment by the Mexicans in 1848 of the mission towns of Tamacacori (a visita of Guevavi, a mission founded in the first third of the 18th century) and the presidio at Tubac (established before 1752) increased its importance. Tucson lay within the territory acquired by the United States in 1856. Fort Lowell, 7 m. north-east of the city, was built as a protection
