of the breast) it becomes fixed to this at an early date; (6) the tumour is painful and tender, the degree of pain varies widely, (Redrawn from Ziegler's Pathological Anatomy, by permission of Macmillan & Co.)
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FIG. 16.-Section through advancing margin of columnar; cancer of stomach.
and in the early stages there may be none; (d) the neighbouring lymphatic glands soon become enlarged and tender, showing that they are the seat of metastatic deposits; (e) in squamous carcinoma of the skin, ulceration speedily occurs.
Rodent Ulcer.—This shows itself as a slowly progressing ulceration of the skin, and is especially common on the face near the eye or ear. The condition is one, of purely local malignancy, and dissemination does not occur. It is believed to be a carcinoma of the sebaceous glands of the skin. (L. C.*)
TUMULUS, a Latin word meaning a
heap or mound, also in classical
writings in the secondary sense of a
grave. In Roman epitaphs we meet
with the formula tumulum faciendum
curavit, meaning the grave and its
monument; and on the inscribed
monumental stones placed over the
early Christian graves of Gaul and
Britain the phrase in hoc tumulo jacet expresses the same idea.
But among archaeologists the word is usually restricted
in its technical modern application to a sepulchral mound
of greater or less magnitude. The mound may be of earth,
or of stones with a covering of earth, or may be entirely
composed of stones. In the latter case, if the tumulus of stones
covers a megalithic cist or a sepulchral chamber with a passage
leading into it from the outside, it is often called a dolmen.
(See Stone Monuments, Barrow and Cairn.) The custom of
constructing sepulchral tumuli was widely prevalent throughout
the prehistoric ages and is referred to in the early literature
of various races as a fitiing commemoration of the illustrious
dead. Prehistoric tumuli are found abundantly in almost all
parts of Europe and Asia from Britain to Japan. They occur
with frequency also in northern Africa, and in many parts of
North and South America the aboriginal populations have
practised similar customs. Sepulchral tumuli, however vary
so much in shape and size that the external appearance is no
criterion of age or origin. In North America, especially in the
Wisconsin region, there are numerous mounds made in shapes
resembling the figures of animals, birds or even human forms.
These have not been often found to be sepulchral, but they are
associated with sepulchral mounds of the ordinary form, some
of which are as much as 300 ft. in diameter and 90 ft. in height.
Perhaps the largest tumulus on record is the tomb of Alyattes,
king of Lydia, situated near Sardis, constructed in his own lifetime,
before 560 B.C. It is a huge mound, 1180 ft. in diameter
and 200 ft. high. In south-eastern Europe, and especially
in southern Russia, the sepulchral tumuli are very numerous
and often of great size, reaching occasionally to 400 ft. in circumference
and over 100 ft. in height. These are mostly of the
period of the Greek colonies of the Tauric Chersonese, dating
from about the 5th century B.C. to about the 2nd century A.D.,
and their contents bear striking testimony to the wealth
and culture of the people who reared them.
Authorities.—Duncan McPherson, M.D., Antiquities of Kertch and Researches in the Cimmerian Bosporus (London, 1857); Cyrus Thomas, ”Burial Mounds of the Northern Sections of the United States,” Fifth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology to the Smithsonian Institution (Washington, 1887); Kondakoff, Tolstoi and Reinach, Antiquités de la Russie méridionale (Paris, 1891).
(J. An.)
TUN, a town in the province of Khorasan, Persia, situated
about 150 m. S. of Nishapur in 34° N., 58° 7' E., at an elevation
of 1200 ft. The town, which has a population of 7000, is surrounded
by a wall, 20 ft. in height, raised on a high rampart
of mud. It has three gates, handsome bazaars, good caravanserais
and numerous large gardens and fields producing opium,
tobacco and cotton. Some silk is also grown.
TUNBRIDGE WELLS, a municipal borough and inland
watering-place of England, chiefly in the Tonbridge parliamentary
division of Kent, but extending into the eastern division
of Sussex, 34½ m. S.E. by S. of London by the South Eastern
& Chatham railway, served also by a branch of the London
Brighton & South Coast line. Pop. (1891), 29,296; (1901),
33,375. It owes its popularity to its chalybeate springy and its
beautiful situation in a hilly wooded district. The wells are
situated by the Parade (or Pantiles), a walk associated with
fashion since the time of their discovery. It was paved with
pantiles in the reign of Queen Anne. Reading and assembly
rooms adjoin the pump-room. The town is built in a
picturesquely irregular manner, and a large part of it consists
of districts called “ parks ” occupied by villas and mansions.
On Rusthall Common about a mile from the town is the
curiously shaped mass of sandstone known as the Toad Rock, and
a mile and a half south-west is the striking group called the High
Rocks. The Tunbridge Wells sanatorium is situated in grounds
sixty acres in extent. Five miles south-east of Tunbridge Wells
is Bayham Abbey, founded in 1200, where ruins of a church, a
gateway, and dependent buildings adjoin the modern Tudor
mansion. Three miles south, in Sussex, the village of Frant stands
on a hill which is perhaps the finest of the many view-points in
this district, commanding a wide prospect over some of. the
richest woodland scenery in England. The vicinity of Tunbridge
Wells is largely residential. To the north lies the urban
district of Southborough (pop. 6977). There is a. large trade in Tunbridge ware, which includes work-tables, boxes, toys, &c.,
made of hard woods, such as beech, sycamore, holly, and cherry, and inlaid with mosaic. Tunbridge Wells was incorporated in 1889, and is governed by a mayor, 8 aldermen and 24 councillors. Area, 3991 acres.
The town owes its rise to the discovery of the medicinal springs by Dudley, Lord North, in 1606. Henrietta Maria, wife of Charles I., retired to drink the waters at Tunbridge Wells after the birth of her eldest son Charles. Soon after the Restoration it was visited by Charles II. and Catherine of Braganza. It was a favourite residence of the princess Anne previous to her accession to the throne, and from that time became one of the chief resorts of London fashionable society. In this respect it reached its height in the second half of the 18th century, and is specially associated with Colley Cibber, Samuel Johnson, Cumberland the dramatist, David Garrick, Samuel Richardson, Sir Joshua Reynolds, Beau Nash, Miss Chudleigh and Mrs Thrale. The Tunbridge Wells of that period is sketched with much graphic humour in Thackeray's Virginians.
TUNDRA (a Russian word, signifying a marshy plain), in physical geography, the name applied to the treeless and often marshy plains which border the arctic coasts of Europe, Asia