Müller's Archiv (1852); (12) Kupffer, Arch. f. mikr. Anal. (1869,
1872); (13) Giard, “Étude d. trav. embryolog. d. Tun., &c.,” in
Arch. zool. expér. (1872), vol. i.; (14) Fol, “Études sur les appendiculaires
du détroit de Messine,” in Mém. soc. phys. hist. nat. Genève,
vol. xxi.; (15) Giard, “Recherches s. l. Asc. Comp.,” in Arch. zool.
expér. (1872), vol. i.; (16) Von Drasche, Die Synascidien der Bucht
von Rovigno (Vienna, 1883); (17) Herdman, “Report upon the
Tunicata of the ‘Challenger’ Expedition,” pt. i. in Zool. “Chall.”
Exp. (1882), vol. vi.; pt. ii. in Zool. “Chall.” Exp. (1886), vol. xiv.;
pt. iii. in Zool. “Chall.” Exp. (1889), vol. xxvii.; (18) Alder and
Hancock, in Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (1863, 1870); (19) Heller,
“Untersuch. u. d. Tunic. d. Adriat. Meeres,” in Denkschr. d. k. Akad.
Wiss. (1875-1877); (20) Lacaze-Duthiers, “Asc. simp. d. côtes d.
l. Manche,” in Arch. zool. expér. (1874, 1877); (21) Traustedt, in
Vidensk. medd. naturh. For. (Copenhagen, 1881-1884); (22) Herdman,
“Notes on British Tunicata, &c.,” in Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool.
(1880), vol. xv.; (23) Ussoff, in Proc. imp. soc. nat. hist. (Moscow, 1876),
vol. xviii.; (24) julin, “Rech. s. l'org. d. asc. simp.,” in Arch. d.
biol. (1881), vol. ii.; (25) Brooks, “Development of Salpa,” in Bull.
Mus. Comp. Zool. iii. 291 (Harvard); (26) Salensky, Ztschr. f. wiss.
Zool. (1877); (27) Barrois, Journ. d. l'anat. et phys. (1885), vol. xxi.;
(28) Uljanin, Fauna, &c., d. Golfes von Neapel (1884), vol. x.;
(29) Moseley, “On Deep-sea Ascid,” in Trans. Linn. Soc. (1876),
2nd series, vol. i.; (30) E. van Beneden and Julin, “Morph. d.
Tuniciers,” in Arch. d. Biol. (1886), vol. vi.; (31) Dohrn, “Studien
zur Urgesch. der Wirbelth.” in Mitth. zool. Stat. Neapel; (32)
Herdman, “Revised Classification,” Journ. Linn. Soc. (1891), vol.
xxiii.; (33) Herdman, Descriptive Catalogue of Australian Tunicata
(1899); (34) Brooks, The Genus Salpa (1893); (35) Seeliger, Bronn's
Thier-Reich Tunicata. (W. A. He.)
TUNICLE (Lat. tunicella), a liturgical vestment of the Christian church, proper to sub deacons. It is practically the same vestment as the dalmatic (q.v.).
TUNING FORK, a small bar of cast steel with tolerably defined edges, bent into a fork with two prongs, with a handle of the same metal extending from the bend of the fork and serving as a sound-post to transmit the vibrations to any resonance board or body convenient for reinforcing the sound. The fork is set in vibration by striking one of the prongs against a hard substance, or pressing the prongs together if they are light ones, or if heavy drawing a bow across. The tuning fork was invented by John Shore, royal trumpeter in 1711, sergeant trumpeter at the entry of George I. in 1714, and lutanist to the Chapel Royal in 1715. It is used for determining musical pitch (see Pitch), and also in certain physical experiments (see Sound).
TUNIS, capital of Tunisia, the largest city in North Africa outside Egypt, in 36° 48′ N., 10° 12′ E. Tunis is situated on an isthmus between two salt lakes, the marshy Sebkha-el-Sejumi to the south-west, and the shallow el-Bahira (little sea), or Lake of Tunis, to the north-east. An artificially deepened channel through the Bahira into the Gulf of Tunis has converted the city into a seaport (see below). North-west and south-west the city is commanded by hills, on which are forts, that on Sidi bel Hassan to the south dating from the middle ages. The city, which was formerly strongly fortified, is built in the shape of an amphitheatre, with the kasbah, or citadel, at its highest point. The old town (Medina), the walls of which have in great part disappeared, lies between two suburbs, the Ribat-el-Sowika on the north and the Ribat Bab-el-Jezira on the south. These suburbs were also surrounded by a wall, now pulled down, leaving the gates of the city isolated. An outer wall, however, encloses the Medina and its suburbs. Beyond the Bab-el-Bahar (sea-gate), now called Porte de France, on the level ground by the Bahira, is the marine town, or Quartier Franc, built since the French occupation in 1881. No attempt has been made by the French to modernize the ancient city.
The European Quarter.—From the landing stage a short street leads into the broad Avenue Jules Ferry or de la Marine running east to west and ending in the Place de la Residence, on the north side of which is the Roman Catholic cathedral and on the south side the palace of the French resident-general, with a large garden. The main thoroughfare is continued westwards by the Avenue de France, which leads to the Porte de France. Beyond the gate is the small Place de la Bourse, in which is the British consulate. From the Porte electric trams run to the harbour and also in a circle round the native city. From the Place de la Résidence cross-roads run north and south. The northern road, the Rue de Rome, led to the Gare du Nord, the station for Carthage, Goletta and La Marsa. This line was replaced in 1908 by an electric tramway built along the northern bank of the canal connecting Tunis and Goletta. The southern road, the Rue-es-Sadikia, leads to the Gare du Sud, the station for Susa, Kairawan, &c., and also for Algiers. The Avenue Jules Ferry is intersected by a north-to-south street running in a straight line over two miles. The northern section is called the Avenue de Paris; the southern Avenue de Carthage. By these avenues, served by electric trams, access is gained to the suburbs of the city. In the Avenue de France or Avenue Jules Ferry are the chief hotels and cafés, the casino-theatre, the principal banks and the finest shops. In the Rue d'Italie, running south from the Avenue de France, are the post office, market buildings, and French Protestant church. There is an English church in the Rue d'Espagne. Behind the cathedral is a disused cemetery with a chapel, where the Christian slaves are supposed to have worshipped. The coffins in the vaults have been removed to the Chapel of St Louis at Carthage. Among them was that of M. de Lesseps, French consul general (d. 1832), father of the maker of the Suez Canal. Next to the cemetery is the old Greek church. North of the Avenue de France is a district, inhabited chiefly by Maltese, which has obtained the name of Malta-es-Segheira (Little Malta).
The Native Town.—To the visitor from Europe the attraction of Tunis lies in the native city, where, in the Rue al Jezira, along which runs electric trams, he can see hundreds of camels in the morning bearing charcoal to market; Where he may witness the motley life of the bazaars, or, by the Bab-Jedid, watch the snake-charmers and listen to the Moorish storytellers. Christians are forbidden to enter the mosques. From various points the traveller can look over the city, with its great citadel, its many minarets and its flat-topped houses. Many of the dwellings of the richer residents are adorned with arcades, the marble columns of which were taken from the ruins of Carthage. The Porte de France is the threshold of the ancient city. Two narrow streets climb the hill towards the citadel. That to the right, the Rue de la Kasbah, opens into a small square (Suk-el-Islam or Place de la Kasbah), on the left of which is the Dar-el-Bey (palace of the bey), while beyond it rise the walls of the citadel. That to the left leads to the chief mosque of the city, the Jamaa-al-Zeituna (mosque of the Olive Tree), founded in A.D. 698. It has many domes and a spacious cloister, and its central court can be seen from the neighbouring streets. Attached to the mosque is a college attended by several hundreds of Moslem youths. The Dar-el-Bey contains numerous rooms beautifully decorated in the Moorish style of the 18th century; and the judgment hall has a domed roof adorned with the delicate arabesque plaster-work known as Nuksh hadida. The kasbah, which forms the western side of the Suk-el-Islam, includes within the circuit of its walls a mosque built about A.D. 1232 by Abu Zakariya the Hafsite. Of the ancient kasbah nothing but the walls remain, the old buildings having been demolished to make way for barracks for the French troops. Besides being a fortress the kasbah formerly contained a palace of the beys, barracks for janissaries and bagnios for the Christian slaves. When in July 1535 the Spaniards under Charles V. attacked Tunis, the Christians in the kasbah, said to number 10,000, rose against their keepers and helped to secure the victory of the emperor. The Spaniards during their occupancy of Tunis strengthened the kasbah and built an aqueduct to supply it with water. Immediately north of the kasbah are the buildings of the Sadiki College, and north of the college is the Palais de Justice, a building completed in 1901. It stands between the line of the ancient wall and the enceinte. Its walls are decorated with faience taken from an ancient Tunisian palace. North-east of the Palais de Justice, which like the Sadiki College is built in the Moorish style, rises the great dome, surrounded by smaller cupolas, of the largest mosque in the city, that named after Sidi Mahrez, a renowned saint of the 5th century of the Mahommedan era, whose tomb makes it a
