going to the bar, he obtained a considerable practice and became a K.C. in 1827. In 1820 he was elected to parliament, where, with some interruptions, he sat till 1841, holding the office of under-secretary for war and the colonies in 1828-1830. In 1844 he was appointed vice-chancellor of the duchy of Lan- caster, a well-paid post which enabled him to enjoy his popu- larity in London society. For some years he wrote for The Times, in which he first compiled the parliamentary summary, and his daughter married first Francis Bacon (d. 1840) and then J. T. Delane, both of them editors of that paper. He was the author of the Life (1844) of Lord Eldon, and other volumes. He died suddenly in London on the 4th of May 1849.
TWISS, SIR TRAVERS (1809-1897), English jurist, eldest son of the Rev. Robert Twiss, was born in London on the 19th of March 1809. At University College, Oxford, he obtained a first-class in mathematics and a second in classics in 1830, and was elected a fellow of his college, of which he was afterwards successively bursar, dean and tutor. During his connexion with Oxford he was, inter alia, a public examiner in classics and mathematics, Drummond professor of political economy (1842), and regius professor of civil law (1855). After he had forfeited his fellowship by marriage, he was elected to an honorary fellowship of University College. He published while at Oxford an epitome of Niebuhr's History of Rome, an annotated edition of Livy and other works, but his studies mainly lay in the direction of political economy, law, chiefly international law, and international politics. In 1840 he was called to the bar at Lincoln's Inn, and became an advocate at Doctors' Commons. In the ecclesiastical courts he enjoyed a large practice, and filled many of the appointments incidental thereto, such as commissary-general of the city and diocese of Canterbury (1849), vicar-general to the archbishop (1852) and chancellor of the diocese of London (1858). He was professor of international law at King's College, London (1852-1855). In 1858, when the Probate and Divorce Acts of 1857 came into force, and the ecclesiastical jurisdiction of Doctors' Commons had passed away, Twiss, like many other leading advocates of Doctors' Commons, became a Q.C., and in the same year he was also elected a bencher of his Inn. His successful career continued in the civil courts, and in addition to his large practice he was appointed in 1862 advocate-general to the admiralty, and in 1867 queen's advocate-general. In 1867 he was also knighted. He served during his legal career upon a great number of royal commissions, such as the Maynooth commission in 1854, and others dealing with marriage law, neutrality, naturalization and allegiance. His reputation abroad led to his being invited by the king of the Belgians in 1884 to draw up the constitution of the Congo Free State. In 1871 Twiss became involved in an unpleasant scandal, occasioned by allegations against the ante-nuptial conduct of his wife, whom he had married in 1862; and he threw up all his appointments and lived in retirement in London until his death on the 14th of January 1897, devoting himself to the study of international law and kindred topics. Among his more notable publications of this period were The Law of Nations in Peace and The Law of Nations in War, two works by which his reputation as a jurist will chiefly endure.
TWYSDEN, SIR ROGER (1597–1672), English antiquary
and royalist pamphleteer, belonging to an ancient Kentish
family. His mother, Anne, was the daughter of Sir Moule
Finch, and his father, Sir William Twysden, was a courtier
and scholar who shared in some of the voyages against the
Spaniards in the reign of Queen Elizabeth and was well known
at the court of King James I. He was one of the first baronets.
Roger Twysden was educated at St Paul's School, London,
and then at Emmanuel College, Cambridge. He entered
Gray's Inn on the 2nd of February 1623. He succeeded to the
baronetcy on his father's death in 1629. For some years
he remained on his estate at Roydon, East Peckham, largely
engaged in building and planting, but also in studying antiquities
and the law of the constitution. The king's attempts to govern
without a parliament, and the vexatious interference of his
lawyers and clergy with the freedom of all classes of men,
offended Sir Roger as they did most other country gentlemen.
He showed his determination to stand on his rights by refusing
to pay ship money, but, probably because the advisers of the
Crown were frightened by the unpopularity of the impost,
was not molested. He was chosen member of parliament
for Kent in the Short Parliament of 1640, but was not elected
to the Long Parliament. In common with most men of his
class Sir Roger applauded the early measures of the parliament
to restrict the king's prerogative, and then became alarmed
when it went on to assail the Church. The attainder of Lord
Stratford frightened him as a tyrannical use of power. He became
in fact a very typical example of the men who formed
the strength of the king's party when the sword was at last
drawn. He considered himself too old to serve in the field,
and therefore he did not join the king at Oxford. But he took
the most prominent part in preparing the Kentish petition
of March 1642 and in subsequent demonstrations on behalf
of Charles. He incurred the wrath of the parliament, was
arrested on the 1st of April 1642, but was soon let out on bail,
and on his promise to keep quiet. But his respect for legality
would not let him rest, and he was soon in trouble again for
another demonstration known as “ The Instruction to Mr
Augustine Skinner.” For this he was again arrested and
for a time confined in a public-house, called “ The Two Tobacco
Pipes,” near Charing Cross, London. He was released with a
distinct intimation that he would be well advised not to go
back to Roydon Hall, but to keep out of temptation in London.
He took the advice and applied himself to reading. One plan
for going abroad was given up, but at last he endeavoured
to escape in disguise, was detected, and brought back to
London. He was now subjected to all the vexations inflicted
on Royalist partisans of good property, sequestrations of his
rents, fines for “ malignancy,” and confinement in the Tower,
where he consoled himself with his books. At last he compounded
in 1650 and went home, where he lived quietly till the
Restoration, when he resumed his position as magistrate. He died
on the 27th of June 1672. He published The Commons' Liberty
(London, 1648), demonstrating that finings and imprisoning
by parliament were illegal; Historiae anglicanae scriptores
decem (London, 1652), a work encouraged by Cromwell; and
Historical Vindication of the Church of England (London, 1657).
TYBURN, a small left-bank tributary of the river Thames, England, now having its course entirely within London and below ground. The name, which also occurs as Aye-bourne, is of obscure derivation, though sometimes stated to signify Twy-burn, i.e. (the junction of) two burns or streams. The Tyburn rose at Hampstead and ran south, crossing Regent's Park, striking the head of the modern ornamental water there. Its course is marked by the windings of Marylebone Lane, the dip in Piccadilly where that thoroughfare borders the Green Park and at times by a line of mist across the park itself. It joined the Thames at Westminster (q.v.). But the name is more famous in its application to the Middlesex gallows, also called Tyburn Tree and Deadly Never Green, and also at an early period, the Elms, through confusion with the place of execution of that name at Smithfield. The Tyburn gallows stood not far from the modern Marble Arch. Connaught Square is said by several authorities to have been the exact site, but it appears that so long as the gallows was a permanent structure it stood at the junction of the present Edgware and Bayswater roads. The site, however, may have varied, for Tyburn was a place of execution as early as the end of the 12th century. In 1759, moreover, a movable gallows superseded the permanent erection. On some occasions its two uprights and cross-beam are said to have actually spanned Edgware Road. Round the gibbet were erected open galleries, the seats in which were let at high prices. Among those executed here were Perkin Warbeck (1449), the Holy Maid of Kent and confederates (1535), Haughton, last prior to the Charterhouse (1535), John Felton, murderer of Villiers, duke of Buckingham (1628), lack Sheppard (1724), Earl Ferrers (1760).
