Page:EB1911 - Volume 27.djvu/628

			1890.	1895.	1900.	1905.	1909.
			Tons.	Tons.	Tons.	Tons.	Tons.
Total .....	${\Big \{}$	Entered	36,835,712	40,001,691	49,913,223	55,623,974	66,309,519
		Cleared	37,448,157	40,537,483	50,182,439	55,416,760	66,958,163
British....	${\Big \{}$	Entered	26,777,955	29,175,282	32,135,745	35,200,369	39,661,660
		Cleared	27,195,157	29,516,644	32,147,060	35,762,218	40,102,311
German ....	${\Big \{}$	Entered	2,161,536	1,940,353	2,966,426	4,293,769	6,766,591
		Cleared	2,230,419	1,948,284	3,060,782	4,340,284	6,754,026
Norwegian...	${\Big \{}$	Entered	2,477,936	2,604,049	3,839,602	3,392,216	4,315,870
		Cleared	2,522,865	2,660,795	3,821,969	3,387,152	4,308,221
Swedish....	${\Big \{}$	Entered	783,025	990,228	1,788,844	2,114,028	2,452,144
		Cleared	792,767	1,003,634	1,808,354	2,117,717	2,478,534
Danish....	${\Big \{}$	Entered	901,819	961,730	1,735,288	2,106,717	2,889,986
		Cleared	952,183	990,006	1,759,509	2,123,830	2,886,731
Dutch....	${\Big \{}$	Entered	952,695	1,150,098	1,600,317	1,949,161	2,272,075
		Cleared	943,196	1,156,936	1,613,450	1,957,107	2,294,584
French....	${\Big \{}$	Entered	834,039	929,250	1,417,128	1,574,395	1,640,466
		Cleared	852,935	909,493	1,405,247	1,587,762	1,663,197
Spanish....	${\Big \{}$	Entered	631,629	645,210	1,309,915	1,462,488	1,477,199
		Cleared	644,431	682,184	1,399,332	1,471,300	1,499,319
Belgian....	${\Big \{}$	Entered	449,470	551,513	804,472	936,918	1,355,135
		Cleared	423,639	537,969	797,134	920,597	1,357,668
U.S.A.....	${\Big \{}$	Entered	146,721	323,700	282,152	664,360	274,241
		Cleared	145,212	332,825	277,400	675,096	280,464

The construction of railways (especially in England) was undertaken originally by a vast number of small companies, each under separate acts of parliament. But it was soon discovered that there could be neither harmonious nor profitable working of a great many systems, and this led to a series of amalgamations (see under England; Ireland; Scotland).

The number of passengers carried per mile in 1832 was 4860 but before ten more years were past the number of passengers had not only increased in proportion with the opening of new lines, but more than doubled per mile, and, instead of being under 5000, had in 1842 come to be near 12,000. In 1861 the number of passengers carried per mile of railway was 15,988; in 1876 it was 31,928; and in 1900 it was over 52,000.

The two following tables illustrate the further development of railways in the United Kingdom:—

Year.	Mileage.	Paid-up   Capital.	Number of   Passengers.*	Traffic Receipts.		Percentage of   Working Expenses   to Receipts.
				Total.	Per Mile.
		£		£	£
1860	10,433	348,130,127	163,435,678	27,766,622	2,661	47
1865	13,298	455,478,143	251,862,715	35,890,116	2,701	48
1870	15,537	529,908,673	336,545,397	43,417,070	2,794	60
1875	16,658	630,223,494	506,975,234	58,982,753	3,541	54
1880	17,933	728,316,848	603,885,025	62,961,767	3,511	51
1885	19,169	815,858,055	697,213,031	66,644,967	3,477	53
1890	20,073	897,472,026	817,744,046	76,548,347	3,313	54
1895	21,174	1,001,110,221	929,770,909	81,396,047	3,844	56
1900	21,855	1,176,001,890	1,142,276,686	98,854,552	4,523	62
1905	22,847	1,272,601,000	1,199,022,102	105,131,709	4,601	62
1909	23,280	1,314,406,000	1,265,081,000	110,682,266	4,754	62

^* Excluding season-ticket holders, whose number in 1880 was 502,174; in 1900, 1,749,804; and in England and Wales alone, in 1880, 449,823; in 1900, 1,610,754.

In the next table further details are given for 1909:—

			1909.
			England and   Wales.	Scotland.	Ireland.
Mileage of	${\Big \{}$	Double or more lines..	10,746	1,580	670
		Single lines.....	5,299	2,264	2,721
			£	£	£
	${\Bigg \{}$	Passenger traffic...	43,919,702	5,080,603	2,204,756
		Total goods traffic ...	50,647,426	6,836,920	1,992,859
Traffic		Including—
Receipts		Minerals....	24,837,682	3,286,074	281,634
		General merchandise .	24,885,494	3,299,588	1,392,600
Working expenditure.....			65,169,619	7,200,173	2,667,796
Net receipts........			37,979,313	5,489,579	1,667,572

In 1909 the percentage of working expenses to total receipts was 63 in England and Wales, 57 in Scotland and 62 in Ireland.

Tramways.—An act passed in 1870 to facilitate the construction of tramways throughout the country marks the beginning of their modern development. It led to the laying down of “street railways” in many large towns. According to a return laid before the House of Commons in the session of 1878, the total length of tramways authorized by parliament up to the 30th of June 1877 was 363 m., and the total length opened for traffic 213 m., comprising 125 m. of double lines and 88 m. of single lines. On the 30th of June 1900 there were in the United Kingdom 70 tramway undertakings with 585 m. of line belonging to local authorities, while 107 with 592 m. of line belonged to other than local authorities. The capital expenditure on the former amounted to £10,203,604, on the latter to £11,532,384.

The development of tramway enterprise in the United Kingdom, as shown by the mileage open, the paid-up capital, gross receipts, working expenses and number of passengers carried, has been as follows:—

Years   ending   June 30	Miles   open.	Paid-up   Capital.	Gross   Receipts.	Working   Expenses.	Passengers   carried during   year.
		£	£	£
1890	948	13,502,026	3,214,743	2,402,800	526,369,328
1895	982	14,111,521	3,733,690	2,878,490	661,760,461
1900	1177	20,582,692	5,445,629	4,075,352	1,065,374,347
1905	2117	51,501,410	9,917,026	6,565,049	2,068,913,226
1909	2526	70,345,155	12,641,437	8,045,658	2,659,981,136

Authorities.—The following publications relating to the United Kingdom are issued annually in London (unless otherwise stated): Finance Accounts; Financial Estimates; Return showing Revenue and Expenditure (England, Scotland and Ireland); National Debt Accounts; National Debt during 60 Years; Local Taxation Returns; Army Estimates; Army Accounts; Army List (quarterly); Navy Estimates; Navy List (quarterly); Royal Commission an Agriculture, Reports (1896); Mineral Statistics; Reports of Inspectors of Mines; Reports on Factories and Workshops; Reports of Inspectors of Fisheries; Return of Fish conveyed inland by rail; Statement of the Trade of the United Kingdom; Statement of the Shipping and Navigation of the United Kingdom; Report of the Postmaster-General. Vital statistics: Reports of the registrars-general respectively for England, for Scotland (Edinburgh), for Ireland (Dublin); Census Reports (decennial, 1901, &c.), ditto; Education: Reports of the Board of Education for England and Wales; Report of the Commissioners of National Education in Ireland; Report of the Committee of Council on Education in Scotland; Electoral Statistics (London, 1905); Statistical Tables relating to Emigration and Immigration; Judicial Statistics of England and Wales, of Scotland, of Ireland; Local Government Reports, ditto; Statistical Abstract for the United Kingdom; in which the most important statistics are summarized for each of the fifteen years preceding the year of issue. Among books may be mentioned the following: Sir W. R. Anson, The Law and Custom of Constitution (2 vols., 2nd ed., Oxford, 1892–1896); W. J. Ashley (edited by), British Industries (London, 1902); E. G. Boutmy, Le Développement de la constitution et de la société politique en Angleterre (2nd ed., Paris, 1897). Of this there is an English translation (from 1st ed.)