For contemporary accounts of Urban see: Tommasucci, in Platina, De vitis Pontiff. Rom; Oldoin, continuator of Ciaconius, Vitae et res gestae summorum Pontiff. Rom.; and Simonin, Gesta Urbani (Antwerp, 1637). A rich collection of materials was made by Andrea Niccoletti, Della vita di Papa Urbana VIII. e storia del suo pontificato, never published, but extensively used by Ranke and others. See also Ranke, Popes (Eng. trans., Austin), ii. 552 seq., iii. 1 seq., 21 seq.; v. Reumont, Gesch. der Stadt Rom, iii. 2, 611 seq., 702 seq.; Santa Pieralisa, Urbana VIII. e Galileo Galilei (Rome, 1875); Gregorovius, Urban VIII. im Widerspruch zu Spanien u. dem Kaiser (Stuttgart, 1879); and Weech, Urban VIII. (London, 1905). (T. F. C.)
URBANA, a city and the county-seat of Champaign county,
Ohio, U.S.A., about 47 m. W. by N. of Columbus. Pop. (1890)
6510; (1900) 6808, including 796 negroes and 405 foreign-born;
(1910) 7739. Urbana is served by the Erie, the Pittsburg,
Cincinnati, Chicago & St Louis, and the Cleveland, Cincinnati,
Chicago & St Louis railways, and by the Ohio Electric inter-urban
line. It has a public library (1890) and a county children's
home (1892), and is the seat of Urbana University (co-educational),
founded in 1850 under the auspices of the New Church.
The city is situated in a fertile farming region. Its manufactures
include furniture, telephones, woollen goods, paper,
foundry and machine-shop products, &c. Urbana was laid out
in 1805 by Colonel William Ward, of Greenbriar, Va., who
owned the land included in the original survey and gave many
lots to the county on condition that the proceeds from their
sale should be used for public improvements; it was incorporated
as a village in 1816 and was chartered as a city in 1867.
Colonel Ward-was the grandfather of the sculptor J. Q. A.
Ward, who was born here and here first pursued, unaided,
his study of art. Urbana was also the home for several' years
(after 1802), and is the burial place, of Simon Kenton, the
famous pioneer and Indian fighter.
URBINO (anc. Urvinum Mataurense), a city and archiepiscopal
see of the Marches, Italy, in the province of Pesaro and Urbino,
19 m. direct S.W. of Pesaro and 50 m. by rail N. by W. of Fabriano,
a junction on the line from Ancona to Rome. Pop. (1901) 6809
(town), 18,244 (commune). It is picturesquely situated on an
abrupt hill 1480 ft. above sea-level; its streets are narrow and
crooked, and the town has a medieval aspect. It is dominated
by the ducal palace erected by Luciano da Laurana, a Dalmatian
architect, in 1460–82, for Federigo Montefeltro, and regarded
by the contemporaries of the founder as the ideal of a princely
residence. The sculptured doorways, chimneys and friezes of
the interior are especially fine. Some are by Domenico Rosselli
of Florence, others by Ambrogio d'Antonio da Milano. The
rich and beautifully executed intarsia work may be due to Baccio
Pontelli. The massive irregularity of the exterior is due to the
unevenness of the site. The decoration of the exterior was never
completed; but the arcaded courtyard is the finest of the
Renaissance, except perhaps that of the Cancelleria at Rome
(Burckhardt). The palace is now partly used for government
purposes, and also contains the municipal archives, a collection
of ancient inscriptions, formed by the epigraphist Raffaele
Fabretti (many of them from Rome), a gallery of sculpture of
various periods and a picture gallery. This last contains a
small but interesting collection of pictures, including works
by Paolo Uccello, Giovanni Santi, Iustus of Ghent, Timoteo
della Vite, and other 15th-century artists, also a “ Resurrection ”
by Titian (a late work). The picture of the “ Last Supper ”
by Justus is specially valuable from its containing fine portraits
of the Montefeltro family and members of the ducal court.
The cathedral, a building of no special interest, stands in the
great piazza close to the ducal palace. It was erected in 1801
after the collapse of the former structure. In the sacristy
there is a very beautiful miniature-like painting of the “ Scourging
of Christ,” by Piero della Francesca, and other pictures by later
artists. In the crypt there is a fine pieta in marble by Giovanni
da Bologna. Opposite the palace is the church of S. Domenico,
a Gothic building with a good early Renaissance portal and a
relief in the lunette by Luca della Robbia (1449). The interior
was spoilt in the 17th century. S. Francesco has a fine 14th-century
loggia and campanile, and a handsome portal of a
chapel in the interior by Constantino Trappola (15th century).
S. Bernardino, outside the town, is a plain early Renaissance
structure. On the walls of the chapel of the gild or confraternity
of San Giovanni Battista are some valuable early
frescoes, painted by Lorenzo and Giacomo Salimbene da San
Severino in 1416. In the church of S. Spirito are two paintings
by Luca Signorelli, the “ Crucifixion ” and the “ Day of Pentecost,”
originally intended for a processional banner. The
modest house where Raphael was born and spent his boyhood
is preserved. It is now the property of a society of artists. Its
rooms form a museum of engravings and other records of
Raphael's works, together with a picture of the Madonna by
his father, Giovanni Santi, formerly thought to be by Raphael
himself. A monument was erected to him in the piazza in 1897.
The theatre, decorated by Girolamo Genga, is one of the earliest
in Italy; in it was performed the first Italian comedy, the
Calandria of Cardinal Bibbiena, the friend of Leo X. and
Raphael. The magnificent library formed by the Montefeltro
and Della Rovere dukes was removed to Rome, and incorporated
in the Vatican library (but with a separate numbering) in 1657.
There is a free university founded in 1564 which has two faculties
(with 163 students in 1902–03), and also a technical school. The
town has manufactures of silk, majolica and bricks.
The ancient town of Urvinum Mataurense (taking its name from the river Mataurus or Metaurus) is mentioned a few times in classical literature, and many inscriptions relating to it exist. The course of its walls can still be traced. It was an important place in the Gothic wars, and is frequently mentioned by Procopius. At the end of the 12th or beginning of the 13th century it came into the possession of the family of Montefeltro. Of this by far the most important member was Federigo da Montefeltro, lord of Urbino from 1444 to 1482, one of the most successful condottieri chiefs of his time, and not only a man of great military and political ability, but also an enthusiastic patron of art and literature, on which he lavished immense sums of money. Federigo much strengthened his position, first by his own marriage with Battista, one of the powerful Sforza family, and secondly by marrying his daughter to Giovanni della Rovere, the favourite nephew of Pope Sixtus IV., who in return conferred upon Federigo the title of duke. Federigo's only son Guidubaldo, who succeeded his father, married in 1489 the gifted Elizabeth Gonzaga, of the ruling family in Mantua. In 1497 he was expelled from Urbino by Caesar Borgia, son of Alexander VI., but regained his dukedom in 1503, after Caesar's death. Guidubaldo was the last duke of the Montefeltro line; at his death in 1508 he bequeathed his coronet to Francesco Maria della Rovere, nephew of Julius II., and for about a century Urbino was ruled by its second dynasty of the Della Rovere family. In 1626 the last descendant of Francesco, called Francesco Maria II., when old and childless abdicated in favour of Pope Urban VIII., after which time Urbino, with its subject towns of Pesaro, Fano, Fossombrone, Gubbio, Castel Durante, Cagli and about 300 small villages, became part of the papal states until the suppression of the temporal power in 1870.
During the reigns of Federigo and Guidubaldo, Urbino was one of the foremost centres of activity in art and literature in Italy. The palace erected by Federigo has already been mentioned. It was at his court that Piero della Francesca wrote his celebrated work on the science of perspective, Francesco di Giorgio Martini his Trattato d' architettura (published by Saluzzo, Turin, 1841), and Giovanni Santi his poetical account of the chief artists of his time. The refined magnificence of Guidubaldo's court is eloquently described by Baldassare Castiglione (q.v.) in his Cortegiano. When Henry VII. of England conferred the order of the Garter on Guidubaldo, Castiglione was sent to England with a letter of thanks and with the small picture, now in the Louvre, of “ St George and the Dragon,” painted by Raphael in 1504, as a present to the English king. This painting was among Charles I.'s collection which was sold by order of the Commonwealth in 1649.
Throughout the whole of the 16th century the state of Urbino
