of Utah tribes, whereby they agreed to remove to Uinta Valley, where a reservation had been made for them. One other important reservation, the Uncompahgre, has also been opened for the Indians of the state.
The state has chosen Republican governors and, except in 1896, when it gave its electoral vote to W. J. Bryan, the Democratic candidate for the presidency, has voted for the Republican nominees in presidential elections.
| Governors | |
| State of Deseret | |
| Brigham Young | 1849-1850 |
| Territorial | |
| Brigham Young | 1850-1857 |
| Alfred Cumming | 1857-1861 |
| John W. Dawson | 1861 |
| Frank Fuller (Acting Governor) | 1861-1862 |
| Stephen Harding | 1862-1863 |
| James Duane Doty | 1863-1865 |
| Charles Durkee | 1865-1869 |
| Edwin Higgins (Acting Governor) | 1869-1870 |
| S. A. Mann (Acting Governor) | 1870 |
| J. Wilson Schaffer | 1870 |
| Vernon H. Vaughan (Acting Governor) | 1870-1871 |
| George L. Woods | 1871-1874 |
| S. B. Axtell | 1874-1875 |
| George B. Emery | 1875-1880 |
| Eli H. Murray | 1880-1886 |
| Caleb W. West | 1886-1889 |
| Arthur L. Thomas | 1889-1893 |
| Caleb W. West | 1893-1896 |
| State Governors | |
| Heber M. Wells (Republican) | 1896-1905 |
| John C. Cutler (Republican) | 1905-1909 |
| William Spry (Republican) | 1909- |
Bibliography.—On the physiography of Utah see Henry Gannett, Gazetteer of Utah (Washington, 1900), being Bulletin 166 of the U.S. Geological Survey; J. W. Powell, Geology of the Uinta Mountains (ibid., 1876), Exploration of the Colorado River of the West (ibid., 1875), and The Lands of Utah (ibid., 1879); W. M. Davis, “An Excursion to the Plateau Province of Utah and Arizona” and “The Mountain Ranges of the Great Basin,” in vol. 42 (1903) of Bulletin of the Harvard Museum of Comparative Zoology; S. F. Emmons, “Uinta Mountains,” in vol. 18 (1907) of the Bulletin of the Geological Society of America; C. E. Dutton, The High Plateaus of Utah (Washington, 1880); and G. K. Gilbert, Lake Bonneville (ibid., 1890), Monograph I. of the U.S. Geological Survey. On mineral wealth see Nichols, Mineral Resources of Utah (Pittsburg, 1873). For administration see James T. Hammond and Grant H. Smith (edd.), Compiled Laws of the State (Salt Lake City, 1908). The important titles for the history of the state are those given in the article Mormons, especially H. H. Bancroft, History of Utah (San Francisco, 1889), and O. F. Whitney, History of Utah (4 vols., Salt Lake City, 1892-98).
UTAMARO (1754-1806), one of the best known of the Japanese designers of colour-prints, was born at Kawayoye. His father was a well-known painter of the Kanō School, Toriyama Sekiyen (Toyofusa), a pupil of Kanō Chikanobu; and Utamaro traced his descent from the old feudal clans of the Minamoto, whose war with the Taira family belongs to the romantic period of Japanese history. Utamaro's personal name was Yusuke; and he first worked under the signature Toriyama Toyo-aki; but after a quarrel with his father substituted the name Kitagawa for the former appellation. His distinct style was the outcome of that of his father, tempered with the characteristics of the Kanō school. As a painter, his landscapes and drawings of insects are most highly considered by Japanese critics; but his fame will always rest among Europeans on his designs for colour-prints, the subjects of which are almost entirely women—professional beauties and the like. These were done for the most part while he lived, in a sort of bondage, in the house of a publisher, Tsutaya Shigesaburo. His talents were wasted by an unbroken career of dissipation, culminating in a term of imprisonment for a pictorial libel on the shogun Iyenari, in 1804. From this he never recovered, and died on the third day of the fifth month, 1806. The colour-prints of Utamaro are distinguished by an extreme grace of line and of colour. His composition is superb; and even in his lifetime he achieved such popularity among his contemporaries as to gain the title Ukiyo-ye Chūkō-no-so, “great master of the Popular School.” His work has a considerable reputation with the Dutch who visited Nagasaki, and was imported into Europe before the end of the 18th century. His book illustrations are also of great beauty. Three portraits of him are known: two colour-prints by himself, and one painting by Chobunsai Yeishi (in the collection of Mr Arthur Morrison). His prints were frequently copied by his contemporaries, especially by the first Toyokuni and by Shunsen; and many of those bearing his name are really the work of Koikawa Harumachi, who had been a fellow-student, and afterwards married his widow. That artist is known by the name of Utamaro II. Most of these imitations were made between 1808 and 1820. Utamaro II., who afterwards changed his name to Kitagawa Tetsugorō, died between 1830 and 1843.
See E. de Goncourt, Outamaro (1891); E. F. Strange, Japanese Illustration (1897); and Japanese Colour-Prints (Victoria and Albert Museum Handbook, 1904).
(E. F. S.)
UTE, or Utah, a tribe of North American Indians of Shoshonean stock. They originally ranged over central and western Colorado and north-eastern Utah. They were divided into five sub-tribes, all acknowledging the authority of one chief. They were a wild warlike people, constantly fighting the Plain Indians and raiding as far south as New Mexico. Their relations with the whites have been generally friendly. The outbreak of the White River Band in 1879 is almost the only exception. They are now on reservations in Utah and Colorado, and number over 2000.
UTICA, a city of ancient Africa on the sinus Uticensis, 15½ m. N.W of Carthage and Tunis, on the route from Carthage to Hippo Diarrhytus (Bizerta) and Hippo Regius (Bona). The modern marabout of Sidi Bu Shater, at the foot of Jebel Menzel el Gul, occupies the site of the ruins of Utica, which in ancient times stood at the mouth of the Bagradas (Mejerda). The mouth of the river is now 12 m. to the north, owing to alluvial deposits, and the level of the ancient town is covered with low-lying meadows, pools of water and marshes. The name Utica is of uncertain origin; the coins give the form אחנ (Atag, Ätig); it is therefore with justification that Movers, Tissot and other scholars have suggested a form עתיקא (Atiqa) meaning “the ancient” or “the magnificent,” or Statio nautarum (Movers, Die Phönizier, ii. 2nd part, p. 512; Olshausen in Rheinisches Museum, 1853, p. 329; Tissot, Géogr camp. de l'anc. prov. d'Afrique, ii. p. 58). The Greeks transliterated the Punic name as Ἰτύκη, Οὐτίκη, Οὐτίκα and the Romans by Utica. According to tradition, Utica was one of the oldest Phoenician settlements on the African coast, founded three centuries before Carthage. It soon acquired importance as a commercial centre, and was only partially eclipsed by Carthage itself, of which it was always jealous, though it had to submit to its authority. It is mentioned in the commercial treaty of 348 B.C. between Rome and Carthage (Polyb. iii. 24). Agathocles easily captured it in his expedition to Africa in 310. It remained faithful to Caesar during the First Punic War (Polyb. i. 82), but soon withdrew its support in view of the revolt of the Mercenaries. In the Third Punic War it declared for the Romans (Livy, Epit. xlix.; Polyb xxxvi. 1; Appian viii. 75). After the destruction of Carthage it received the rank of a civitas libera with an accession of territory (Appian viii. 13 5; C.I.L. i. 200; Caesar, De bell. civ. ii. 36; A. Audollent, Carthage romaine, p. 30). Having become the city of an administration of the new Roman province up to the time of the rebuilding of Carthage, it played an important part in the wars at the end of the Republic. After the battle of Thapsus in 46 Cato shut himself up in Utica for the final struggle against Caesar, and there committed suicide. Augustus gave the town the rank of municipium with full civic rights (Dio Cass. xlix. 16; Pliny, Hist. nat. v. 4, 24); its inhabitants were enrolled in the Quirinal tribe (municipium Julium Uticense). Under Hadrian it became a colonia romana, with the title Colonia Julia Aelia Hadriana Augusta Utica (Aul. Gell. Noct. Attic. xiii. 4; C.I.L. viii. 1181 and 1183).
