a family of poetic power, his stepfather, Aus ibn Hajar, his sister, Khansā, and his son, Ka’b ibn Zuhair, were all poets of eminence. He is said to have lived long, and at the age of one hundred to have met Mahomet. His home was in the land of the Banī Ghatafān. His poems are characterized by their peaceful nature and a sententious moralizing. One of them is contained in the Moallakāt.
As a whole his poems have been published by W. Ahlwardt in his The Dreams of the six Ancient Arabic Poets (London, 1870); and with the commentary of al-A’lam (died 1083) by Count Landberg in the second part of his Primeurs arabes (Leiden, 1889). Some supplementary poems are contained in K. Dyroff’s Zur Geschichte der Überlieferung des Zuhairdiwans (Munich, 1892). (G. W. T.)
ZUIDER ZEE, or Zuyder Zee, a land-locked inlet on the
coast of Holland, bounded N. by the chain of the Frisian Islands,
and W., S., and E. by the provinces of North Holland, Utrecht,
Gelderland, Overysel, and Friesland. It is about 85 m. long
N. to S., and from 10 to 45 m. broad, with an area of 2027 sq. m.,
and contains the islands of Marken, Schokland, Urk, Wieringen,
and Griend. In the early centuries of the Christian era the
Zuider (i.e. Southern) Zee was a small inland lake situated in
the southern part of the present gulf, and called Flevo by
Tacitus, Pliny, and other early writers. It was separated from
the sea by a belt of marsh and fen uniting Friesland and North
Holland, the original coast-line being still indicated by the line
of the Frisian Islands. Numerous streams, including the
Vecht, Eem, and Ysel, discharged their waters into this lake
and issued thence as the Vlie (Latin Flevus), which reached the
North Sea by the Vliegat between the islands of Vlieland and
Terschelling. In the Lex Frisonum the Vlie (Fli, or Flehi) is
accepted as the boundary between the territory of the East and
West Frisians. In time, however, and especially during the
12th century, high tides and north-west storms swept away the
western banks of the Vlie and submerged great tracts of land.
In 1170 the land between Stavoren, Texel, and Medemblik was
washed away, and a century later the Zuider Zee was formed.
The open waterway between Stavoren and Enkhuizen, however,
as it now exists, dates from 1400. In the south and east the
destruction was arrested by the high sandy shores of Gooi,
Veluwe, Voorst, and Gasterland in the provinces of Utrecht,
Gelderland, Overysel, and Friesland respectively.
The mean depth of the Zuider Zee is 11·48 ft.; depth in the southern basin of the former lake, 19 ft.; at Val van Urk (deep water to the west of the island of Urk), 1412 ft. If a line be drawn from the island of Urk to Marken, and thence westwards to Hoorn (North Holland) and N.N.E. to Lemmer (Friesland), these lines will connect parts of the Zuider Zee having a uniform depth of 8 ft. The other parts on the coast are only 3 ft. deep or less. This shallowness of its waters served to protect the Zuider Zee from the invasion of large ships of war. It also explains how many once flourishing commercial towns, such as Stavoren, Medemblik, Enkhuizen, Hoorn, Monnikendam, declined to the rank of provincial trading and fishing ports. The fisheries of the Zuider Zee are of considerable importance. Eighty per cent. of the bottom consists of sea clay and the more recent silt of the Ysel; 20 per cent. of sand, partly in the north about Urk and Enkhuizen, partly in the south along the high shores of Gooi, Veluwe, &c. The shallowness of the sea and the character of its bottom, promising fertile soil, occasioned various projects of drainage. The scheme recommended by the Zuider Zee Vereeniging (1886) formed the subject of a report in 1894 by a state commission. The principal feature in the scheme was the building of a dike from the island of Wieringen to the coast of Friesland. The area south of this would be divided into four polders, with reservation, however, of a lake, Yselmeer, in the centre, whence branches would run to Ysel and the Zwolsche Diep, to Amsterdam, and, by sluices near Wieringen, to the northern part of the sea. The four polders with their areas of fertile soil would be:—
| (1) | North-west | polder, area | 53,599 | acres; fertile soil, | 46,189 | acres. |
| (2) | South-west | „„ | 77,854 | „„„ | 68,715 | „ |
| (3) | South-east | „„ | 266,167 | „„„ | 222,275 | „ |
| (4) | North-east | „„ | 125,599 | „„„ | 120,783 | „ |
The Lake Yselmeer would have an area of 560 sq. m. The gain would be the addition to the kingdom of a new and fertile province of the area of North Brabant, a saving of expenses on dikes, diminution of inundations, improvement of communication between the south and the north of the kingdom, protection of isles of the sea, &c. The costs were calculated as follows: (1) enclosing dike, sluices, and regulation of Zwolsche Diep, £1,760,000; (2) reclamation of four polders, £5,200,000; (3) defensive works, £400,000; (4) indemnity to fishermen, £180,000; total, £7,540,000.
In 1901 the government introduced a bill in the States General, based on the recommendations of the commission, providing for enclosing the Zuider Zee by building a dike from the North Holland coast, through the Amsteldiep to Wieringen and from that island to the Friesland coast at Piaam; and further providing for the draining of two portions of the enclosed area, namely the N.W. and the S.W. polders shown in the table. The entire work was to be completed in 18 years at an estimated cost of £7,916,000. The bill failed to become law and in consequence of financial difficulties the project had not, up to 1910, advanced beyond the stage of consideration.
With the exception of Griend and Schokland, the islands of the Zuider Zee are inhabited by small fishing communities, who retain some archaic customs and a picturesque dress. Urk is already mentioned as an island in 966. The inhabitants of Schokland were compelled to leave the island by order of the state in 1859, it being considered insecure from inundation. The island of Griend (or Grind) once boasted a walled town, which was destroyed by flood at the end of the 13th century. But the island continued for some centuries to serve as a pasturage for cattle, giving its name to a well-known description of cheese. Like some of the other islands, sheep are still brought to graze upon it in summer, and a large number of birds’ eggs are collected upon it in spring. Several of the islands were once the property of religious houses on the mainland.
The British Foreign Office report, Draining of the Zuiderzee (1901), gives full particulars of the Dutch government’s scheme and a retrospect of all former proposals. See also De economische beteekens van de afsluiting en drooglegging der Zuiderzee vom Zuiderzee-Verein (2nd ed., 1901), and D. Bellet, “Le dessèchement du Zuiderzee,” Rev. Geog. (1902) and W. J. Tuyn, Oude Hollandsche Dorpen aan de Zuiderzee (Haarlem, 1900).
ZULA, a small town near the head of Annesley Bay on the African coast of the Red Sea. It derives its chief interest from ruins in its vicinity which are generally supposed to mark the site of the ancient emporium of Adulis (Ἄδουλὶς, Ἀδουλεί), the port of Axum (q.v.) and chief outlet in the early centuries of the Christian era for the ivory, hides, slaves and other exports of the interior. Cosmas Indicopleustes saw here an inscription of Ptolemy Euergetes (247–222 B.C.); and hence as the earliest mention of Adulis is found in the geographers of the first century A.D., it is conjectured that the town must have previously existed under another name and may have been the Bererice Panchrysus of the Ptolemies. Described by a Greek merchant of the time of Vespasian as “a well arranged market,” the place has been for centuries buried under sand. The ruins visible include a temple, obelisks and numerous fragments of columns.
In 1857 an agreement was entered into by Dejaj Negusye, a chief of Tigré, in revolt against the Negus Theodore of Abyssinia, to cede Zula to the French. Negusye was defeated by Theodore, and the commander of a French cruiser sent to Annesley Bay in 1859 found the country in a state of anarchy. No farther steps were taken by France to assert its sovereignty, and Zula with the neighbourlng coast passed, nominally, to Egypt in 1866. Zula was the place where the British expedition of 1867–68 against Theodore disembarked, Annesley Bay affording safe and ample anchorage for the largest ocean-going vessels. The road made by the British from Zula to Senafé on the Abyssinian plateau is still in use. The authority of Egypt having lapsed, an Italian protectorate over the district of Zula was proclaimed in 1888, and in 1890 it was incorporated in the colony of Eritrea (q.v.).
See Eduard Rüppell, Reise in Abyssinien i. 266 (1838), G. Rohlfs in Zeitschr. d. Gesell. f. Erdkunde in Berlin, iii (1868), and, for further references, the editions of the Periplus by C. Müller (Geog. Gr. Min. i. 259) and Fabricius (1883) Consult also Ethiopia, The Axumite Kingdom.
ZULOAGA, IGNACIO (1870–), Spanish painter, was born at Eibar, in the Basque country, the son of the metal-worker and damascener Placido Zuloaga, and grandson of the organizer and director of the royal armoury in Madrid. The career chosen for him by his father was that of an architect, and with this object in view he was sent to Rome, where he immediately followed the strong impulse that led him to painting. After only six months’ work he completed his first picture, which was exhibited at the Paris Salon of 1890. Continuing his studies in Paris, he was strongly influenced by Gauguin and Toulouse Lautrec. Only on his return to his native soil he found his true style, which is based on the national Spanish
