town proper. The town and canton continued to be on the Liberal, or Radical, or even Socialistic side, while from 1848 to 1907 they claimed 7 of the 37 members of the Federal executive or Bundesrat, these 7 having filled the presidential chair of the Confederation in twelve years, no canton surpassing this record. Frem 1833 onwards the walls and fortifications of Zürich were little by little pulled down, thus affording scope for the extension and beautification of the town.
Authorities.— J. Amiet, Die Grundungs-Sage der Schwesterstädte Solothurn, Zürich, und Trier (Soleure, 1890); F. Becker, Die erste Schlacht bei Zürich, Juni, 1799 (Zürich, 1899); J. C. Bluntschli, Staats- und Rechtsgeschichte d. Stadt und Landschaft Zürich (2nd ed., Zürich, 1856); A. Bürkli-Meyer, Geschichte d. zürch. Seidenindustrie vom Schlusse d. 13ten Jahrhunderts an bis in die neuere Zeit (Zürich, 1884); K. Dändliker, Hans Waldmann und die Zürcher Revolution von 1489 (Zürich, 1889); E. Egli, Actensammlung z. Geschichte d. Zürcher Reformation, 1519-1533 (Zürich, 1897-99), Die Schlacht von Kappel, 1531 (Zürich, 1873) and Zwinglis Tod nach seiner Bedeutung fur Kirche und Vaterland (Zürich, 1893); Festschrift zur Feier des 50jährigen Bestehens des eidgenoss. Polytechnicums, 2 vols. (one by W. Oechsli as to the history of the institution, and the other by various hands as to the general development of the town) (Frauenfeld, 1905); G. Finsler, Zürich in der zweiten Hälfte d. 18ten Jahrhunderts (Zürich, 1884); G. Heer, Die Zürcher-Heiligen, St Felix u. Regula (Zürich, 1889); Max Huber, "Das Staatsrecht d. Republik Zürich vor dem Jahr 1798" (article in vol. i. of the Schweiz. Geschlechterbuch, Basel, 1905); W. Meyer, Die zweite Schlacht bei Zürich, Sept. 1799 (Zürich, 1899); G. Meyer von Knonau, Der Kanton Zürich (2 vols., St Gall and Bern, 1834 and 1846); Mittheilungen d. antiquarisch. Gesellschaft in Zürich (from 1837); E. Müller, Eine reindemokratische Republik. Der Kanton Zürich zu Anfang des 20 Jahrhunderts (Zürich, 1908); R. von Reding-Biberegg, Der Zug Suworoff's durch die Schweiz in 1799 (Stans, 1895); K. Ritter, Die Politik Zürichs in der zweiten Hälfte d. 14ten Jahrhunderts (Zürich, 1886); P. Rütsche, Der Kanton Zürich zur Zeit. d. Helvetik (1798-1803) (Zürich, 1900); Stadtbücher, Zürcher (1314-1515), edited by H. Zeller-Werdmüller and Hans Nabholz, 3 vols. (Leipzig, 1899-1906); H. Strauli, Die Verfassung von Zürich von 1869 (Winterthur, 1902); J. J. Treichler, Politische Wandlungen d. Stadt Zürich (Berlin, 1886); Turicensia—Beiträge z. zürch. Geschichte (Zürich, 1891); Urkundenbuch d. Stadt u. Landschaft Zürich, edited by H. Escher and P. Schweizer, in course of publication since 1888 (vol. vii. reaches 1301)—an appendix is the Siegelbildungen (2 parts, Zürich, 1891-93), edited by P. Schweizer and H. Zeller-Werdmüller; S. Vögelin, Das alte Zürich, 2 vols. (Zürich, 1878 and 1890); W. Wettstein, Die Regeneration d. Kant. Zürich (1830-39) (Zürich. 1907); G. H. Wunderli, Hans Waldmann und seine Zeit (Zürich, 1889); F. von Wyss, “Die Reichsvogtei Zürich” (reprinted in his Abhandlungen zur Geschichte d. schweiz. öffentlich. Rechts (Zürich, 1892); G. von Wyss, “Geschichte d. Abtei Zürich” (in vol. viii. of the Mittheil. d. antiq. Gesellschaft in Zürich, 1851-58), and Zürich am Ausgange d. 13ten Jahrhunderts (Zürich, 1876); Zürcher Taschenbuch (from 1878). For the present state of the town see Nos. 126-29 of Illustrated Europe (Zürich), and Nos. 101-2 of Städtebilder und Landschaften aus aller Welt (Zürich). Many of the recent general works on Swiss history, e.g. those of Dändliker, Oechsli, Orelli, Schollenberger, Schweizer, Strickler, are by Zürich men and pay special attention to Zürich matters. See also Zwingli. (W. A. B. C.)
ZÜRICH. LAKE OF, A Swiss lake, extending S.E. of the town of Zurich. It is formed by the river Linth, which, rising in the glaciers of the Todi range in Glarus, was diverted by the Escher canal (completed in 1811) into the Walensee, whence, by means of the Linth canal (completed in 1816), its waters are carried to the east end of the lake of Zurich. This river issues from the lake at its north-west end, passing through the town of Zurich, but is then called the Limmat. No streams of importance flow into the lake. Its area is about 34 sq. m., its extreme length 25 m., its greatest breadth 21 m., and its greatest depth 469 ft., while its surface is 1342 ft. above sea-level. It is included, or the greater portion, in the Canton of Zurich, but at its east end 84 sq. m. towards the southern shore are in that of Schwyz, and 4 sq. m. towards the northern shore in that of St Gall. The great dam of masonry, carrying the railway line and carriage road from Rapperswil to Pfaffikon, which cuts off the extreme eastern part of the lake from the rest, is passed only by small boats; steamers (of which the first was placed on the lake in 1835) do not go beyond the dam, as the eastern portion of the lake is shallow and choked by weeds. West of this dam is the small island of Ufenau, where in 1523 Ulrich von Hutten took refuge and died. Both shores are well cultivated and fertile. There are many villas, particularly near Zurich, and elsewhere numerous factories in the various flourishing villages. Zurich, at the north end of the lake, is the principal place on it. On the west shore (which gradually becomes the south shore) are Thalwil, Horgen, Wadenswil, Richterswil, Pfaffikon, and Lachen. On the opposite shore are Meilen (near which the first lake dwellings were discovered in 1853-54), Stafa, and the quaint town of Rapperswil, the castle of which shelters a Polish museum, wherein is the heart of Kosciuszko. Schmerikon is close to the east end of the lake, and a little beyond is the more important town of Uznach. (W. A. B. C.)
ZURITA Y CASTRO, JERONIMO (1512-1580), Spanish historian, was born at Saragossa, and studied at Alcalá de Henares under the celebrated Hellenist, Hernán Nuñez. Through the influence of his father, Miguel de Zurita, physician to Charles V., he entered the public service as magistrate at Barbastro, and in 1537 was appointed assistant-secretary of the Inquisition. In 1548 Zurita was nominated official chronicler of the kingdom of Aragon, and in 1566 Philip II. attached him as secretary to the council of the Inquisition, delegating to him the conduct of all matters sufficiently important to require the king's signature. Zurita resigned these posts on the 21st of January 1571, obtained a sinecure at Saragossa, and dedicated himself wholly to the composition of his Anales de la corona de Aragón, the first part of which had appeared in 1562; he lived to see the last volume printed at Saragossa on the 22nd of April 1580, and died on the 3rd of November following. Zurita's style is somewhat crabbed and dry, but his authority is unquestionable; he displayed a new conception of an historian's duties, and, not content with the ample materials stored in the archives of Aragon, continued his researches in the libraries of Rome, Naples and Sicily; he founded the school of historical scholarship in Spain.
ZUTPHEN, or Zutfen, a town in the province of Gelderland, Holland, on the right bank of the Ysel at the influx of the Berkel, and a junction station 18 m. by rail N.N.E. of Arnhem. Pop. 19,000. It is a picturesque old town with several brick houses of the 16th and 17th centuries. The most important building is the Groote Kerk, of St Walpurgis, which dates from the 12th century and contains monuments of the former counts of Zutphen, a 13th-century candelabrum, an elaborate copper font (1527), and a fine modern monument to the van Heeckeren family. The chapter-house contains a pre-Reformation library which includes some valuable MSS. and incunabula. There are some remains of the old town walls. The place has an active trade, especially in grain and in the timber floated down from the Black Forest by the Rhine and the Ysel; the industries include tanning, weaving, and oil and paper manufactures. Not far from Zutphen on the west at Monnikhuizen once stood the Carthusian convent founded by Reinald III., duke of Gelderland, in 1342 and dissolved in 1572. About 3 m. to the north of Zutphen is the agricultural colony of Nederlandsch-Mettray, founded by a private benefactor for the education of poor friendless boys in 1851, and since that date largely extended.
In the middle ages Zutphen was the seat of a line of counts, which became extinct in the 12th century. Having been fortified the town stood several sieges, specially during the wars of freedom waged by the Dutch, the most celebrated fight under its walls being the one in September 1586 when Sir Philip Sidney was mortally wounded. Taken by the Spaniards in 1587 Zutphen was recovered by Maurice, prince of Orange, in 1591, and except for two short periods, one in 1672 and the other during the French Revolutionary Wars, it has since then remained a part of the United Netherlands. Its fortifications were dismantled in 1874.
ZWEIBRÜCKEN, a town of Germany, in the Palatinate, on
the Schwarzbach, and on the railway between Germersheim and
Saarbrucken Pop (1905) 14,711. The town was the capital of
the former duchy of Zweibrucken and the Alexander kirche
contains the tombs of the dukes The ducal castle is now
occupied by the chief court of the Palatinate. There is a fine
Gothic Catholic church. Weaving and brewing and the manufacture
of machinery, chicory, cigars, malt, boots, furniture
and soap are the chief industries.
