In a simple interrogative sentence the introductory particle before
the verb is a, and the positive answer consists in a repetition of the
verb, a ddaw Dafydd? Daw. “Will David come? Yes.” If the
verb is aorist the answer is do for all verbs. In negative answers
na precedes the verb. In sentences in which a noun comes first, the
interrogative particle is ai, and the answer is always, positive ïe,
negative nage, as ai Dafydd a ddaw? ïe. “Is it David who will
come? Yes.”
A relative pronoun immediately precedes its verb and can only be separated from it by an infixed pronoun, thus Dafydd a’i prynodd, “(it is) David who bought it,” yno y’m gweli, “(it is) there that thou wilt see me.” If the relative is the object of a preposition, the latter is put at the end of the clause, and has a personal ending, thus y ty y bûm ynddo, literally, “the house which I-was in-it.”
The verb does not agree with its subject unless the latter is a personal pronoun; when the subject is a noun the verb is put in the third person singular; thus carant, “they love,” can take a pronominal subject—carant hwy, “they love”; but “the men love” is câr y dynion (not carant y dynion, which can only mean “they love the men”). In relative clauses the verb is sometimes made to agree, but in the oldest poetry we generally find the singular verb, as in the oft-repeated Gododin phrase Gwyr a aeth Gatraeth, “men who went (to) Catraeth” (not Gwŷr a aethant).
Authorities.—J. D. Rhys, Cambrobrytannicae Cymraecaeve lingvae institvtiones (1592); John Davies, Antiqae lingvae Britannicae … dictionarium duplex (1632); Edward Lhuyd, Archaeologia Britannica (1707); W. O. Pughe, Grammar and Dictionary2 (1832), vitiated by absurd etymological theories; J. C. Zeuss, Grammatica Celtica (2nd ed. by H. Ebel, 1871)—an index to the O. Welsh glosses cited in this work was compiled by V. Tourneur in Archiv für celt. Lexikographie, iii. 109–137; T. Rowland, Grammar of the Welsh Language4 (1876), containing a large collection of facts about the modern language, badly arranged and wholly undigested; Rhys, Lectures on Welsh Philology2 (1879); J. Strachan, An Introduction to Early Welsh, with a Reader (Manchester, 1909); Stokes, “Urkeltischer Sprachschatz,” in Fick’s Vergleichendes Wörterbuch der idg. Sprachen4, ii. (1894); E. Anwyl, Welsh Grammar for Schools, i. (1898), ii. (1899); J. Morris Jones, Historical Welsh Grammar, i. (1911); W. Spurrek, Welsh-English and English-Welsh Dictionary (Carmarthen5, 1904); D. Silvan Evans, Welsh Dictionary, A-E (1888–1906). The last-named received a subsidy from the British government. Some corrections and additions to the early volumes, by J. Loth, will be found in Arch. f. celt. Lex. vol. i. See also H. Sweet, “Spoken N. Welsh,” in Trans. of the London Phil. Soc., 1882–1884; T. Darlington, “Some Dialectal Boundaries in Mid-Wales,” in Trans. of the Hon. Soc. of Cymmrodorion, 1900–1901; and M. Nettlau, Beiträge zur cymrischen Grammatik (Leipzig, 1887), also in Rev. celt. vol. ix. (J. M. J.)
WALEWSKI, ALEXANDRE FLORIAN JOSEPH COLONNA, Comte (1810–1868), French politician and diplomatist, was born at Walewice near Warsaw on the 4th of May 1810, the son of Napoleon I. and his mistress Marie, Countess Walewski. At fourteen Walewski refused to enter the Russian army, escaping to London and thence to Paris, where the French government refused his extradition to the Russian authorities. Louis Philippe sent him to Poland in 1830, and he was then entrusted by the leaders of the Polish revolution with a mission to London. After the fall of Warsaw he took out letters of naturalization in France and entered the French army, seeing some service in Algeria. In 1837 he resigned his commission and began to write for the stage and for the press. He is said to have collaborated with the elder Dumas in Mademoiselle de Belle-Isle, and a comedy of his, L’École du monde, was produced at the Thêâtre Français in 1840. In that year his paper, Le Messager des chambres, was taken over by Thiers, who sent him on a mission to Egypt, and under the Guizot ministry he was sent to Buenos Aires to co-operate with the British minister Lord Howden (Sir J. Caradoc). The accession of Louis Napoleon to the supreme power in France guaranteed his career. He was sent as envoy extraordinary to Florence, to Naples and then to London, where he announced the coup d’etat to Palmerston (q.v.) . In 1855 Walewski succeeded Drouyn de Lhuys as minister of foreign affairs, and acted as French plenipotentiary at the Congress of Paris next year. When he left the Foreign Office in 1860 it was to become minister of state, an office which he held until 1863. Senator from 1855 to 1865, he entered the Corps Législatif in 1865, and was installed, by the emperor’s interest, as president of the Chamber. A revolt against his authority two years later sent him back to the Senate. He died at Strassburg on the 27th of October 1868. He had been created a duke in 1866, was a member of the Academy of Fine Arts and a grand cross of the Legion of Honour
WALFISH BAY, a harbour of South-West Africa with a coast-line of 20 m. terminated southward by Pelican Point in 22° 54′ S., 14° 27′ E. It belongs to Great Britain, together with a strip of territory extending 15 m along the coast south of Pelican Point and with a depth inland from 10 to 15 m. The total area is 430 sq. m. Except seaward Walfish Bay is surrounded by German South-West Africa. The northern boundary is the Swakop river, east and south there are no natural frontiers. The coast district, composed of sand dunes, is succeeded by a plateau covered in part with sparse vegetation. The river Kuisip, usually dry, has its mouth in the bay—which forms the finest harbour along a coast-line of over 1000 m. The harbour is provided with a pier 200 yds. long and is safe in all weathers. It was formerly frequented by whaling vessels (hence its name). The town has a small trade with the Hereros of the adjoining German protectorate. A tramway, 11 m. long, runs inland to Rooikop on the German frontier. Pop. (1904), 997, including 144 whites.
Walfish Bay forms a detached portion of the Cape province of the Union of South Africa. It was proclaimed British territory on the 12th of March 1878, and was annexed to Cape Colony on the 7th of August 1884 (see Africa, § 5). The delimitation of the southern frontier was in 1909 referred to the king of Spain as arbitrator between Great Britain and Germany.
WALKER, FRANCIS AMASA (1840–1897), American soldier and economist, was born in Boston, Massachusetts, on the 2nd of July 1840. His father, Amasa Walker (1799–1875), was also a distinguished economist, who, retiring from commercial life in 1840, lectured on political economy in Oberlin College from 1842 to 1848, was examiner in the same subject at Harvard from 1853 to 1860, and lecturer at Amherst from 1859 to 1869. He was a delegate to the first international peace congress in London 1843, and in 1849 to the peace congress in Paris. He was secretary of state of Massachusetts from 1851 to 1853 and a representative in Congress 1862–1863. His principal work, The Science of Wealth, attained great popularity as a textbook. Francis Walker graduated at Amherst College in 1860, studied law, and fought in the Northern army during the whole of the Civil War of 1861–65, rising from the rank of sergeant-major to that of brevet brigadier-general of volunteers—awarded him at the request of General Winfield S. Hancock. As a soldier he excelled in analysis of the position and strength of the enemy. In 1864 he was captured and detained for a time in the famous Libby Prison, Richmond. After the war he became editorial writer on the Springfield (Massachusetts) Republican, and in 1869 was made chief of the government bureau of statistics. He was superintendent of the ninth and tenth censuses (those of 1870 and 1880), and (1871–72) commissioner of Indian affairs. From 1873 to his death his work was educational, first as professor (1873–1881) of political economy in the Sheffield Scientific School at Yale, and then as president of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston. While superintendent of the census he increased the scope and accuracy of the records; and at the Institute of Technology he enlarged the resources and numbers of the institution, which had 302 students when he assumed the presidency and 1198 at his death. In other fields he promoted common-school education (especially in manual training), the Boston park system, and the work of the public library, and took an active part in the discussion of monetary, economic, statistical and other public questions, holding many offices of honour and responsibility. As an author he wrote on governmental treatment of the Indians, The Wages Question (1876), Money (1878), Land and its Rent (1883) and general political economy (1883 and 1884), besides producing monographs on the life of General Hancock (1884) and the history of his own Second Army Corps (1886). As an economist, from the time of the appearance of his book on the subject, he so effectively combated the old theory of the “wage-fund” as to lead to its abandonment or material modification by American students; while in his writings on finance, from 1878 to the end of his life, he advocated international
