parliament at Hampton Court, and also during those at Newport, Charles speaking very highly of his services just before his execution. Remaining in England, Warwick was passively loyal to Charles II. during the Commonwealth and enjoyed the confidence of the royalist leaders. In 1660 the king made him a knight, and in 1661 he became a member of parliament and secretary to another lord treasurer, Thomas Wriothesley, earl of Southampton, retaining this post until the treasury was put into commission on Southampton's death in May 1667. He died on the 15th of January 1683. Warwick's only son, the younger Philip Warwick (d. 1683), was envoy to Sweden in 1680.
Warwick is chiefly known for his Memoirs of the reigne of King Charles I., with a continuation to the happy restauration of King Charles II., written between 1675 and 1677 and published in London in 1701.
WARWICK, RICHARD BEAUCHAMP, Earl of (1382-1439),
son of Thomas Beauchamp, was born at Salwarp in Worcestershire
on the 28th of January 1382, and suceeded his father in
1401. He had some service in the Welsh War, fought on the
king's side at the battle of Shrewsbury on the 22nd of July 1403,
and at the siege of Aberystwith in 1407. In 1408 he started on
a pilgrimage to the Holy Land, visiting on his way Paris and
Rome, and fighting victoriously in a tournament with Pandolfo
Malatesta at Verona. From Venice he took ship to Jaffa, whence
he went to Jerusalem, and set up his arms in the temple. On
his return he travelled through Lithuania, Prussia and Germany,
and reached England in 1410. Two years later he was fighting
in command at Calais. Up to this time Warwick's career had
been that of the typical knight errant. During the reign of
Henry V. his chief employment was as a trusted counsellor and
diplomatist. He was an ambassador to France in September
1413, and the chief English envoy to the coronation of Sigismund
at Aix-la-Chapelle, and to the council of Constance in the autumn
of 1414. During the campaign of Agincourt he was captain of
Calais, where in April 1416 he received Sigismund with such
courtly magnificence as to earn from him the title of the “Father
of Courtesy.” In the campaigns of 1417-18 Warwick took a
prominent part, reducing Domfront and Caudebec. Then he
joined the king before Rouen, and in October 1418 had charge
of the negotiations with the dauphin and with Burgundy. Next
year he was again the chief English spokesman in the conference
at Meulan, and afterwards was Henry's representative in arrangeing
the treaty of Troyes. At the sieges of Melun in 1420, and of
Mantes in 1421-22 he held high command. Warwick's sage
experience made it natural that Henry V. should on his death-bed
appoint him to be his son's governor. For some years to come
he was engaged chiefly as a member of the council in England.
In 1428 he received formal charge of the little king's education.
He took Henry to France in 1430, and whilst at Rouen had the
superintendence of the trial of Joan of Arc. In 1431 he defeated
Pothon de Xaintrailles at Savignies. Next year he returned to
England. The king's minority came nominally to an end in
1437. Warwick was then not unnaturally chosen to succeed
Richard of York in the government of Normandy. He accepted
loyally a service “full far from the ease of my years,” and went
down to Portsmouth in August, but was long detained by bad
weather, “seven times shipped or ever he might pass the, sea,”
and only reached Honfleur on the 8th of November. In Normandy
he ruled with vigour for eighteen months, and died at his
post on the 30th of April 1439. His body was brought home
and buried at Warwick. His tomb in St Mary's church is one of
the most splendid specimens of English art in the 15th Century.
Warwick married (1) Elizabeth Berkeley, (2) Isabella Despenser.
By his second wife he left an only son Henry, afterwards duke of
Warwick, who died in 1445, and a daughter Anne, who as her
brother's sister of the whole blood brought the title and chief
share of the estates to her husband Richard Neville, the
kingmaker. By his first wife he had three daughters, of whom the
eldest, Margaret, married John Talbot, earl of Shrewsbury.
Bibliography.—John Rous (d. 1491) wrote a life of Warwick, illustrated with over fifty drawings, now at the British Museum (Cotton MS. Julius E. iv.). They have been reproduced in Strutt's Manners and Customs; new edition by Mr Emery Walker, with notes by Lord Dillon and Mr W. St John Hope. More authoritative material must be sought in strictly contemporary chronicles, and especially in the Vita Henrici Quinti ascribed to Elmham, Monstrelet; Chronicles of London (ed. C. L. Kingsford) and J. Stevenson, Letters, &c. illustrative of the English Wars in France (“Rolls” series). For modern accounts consult J. H. Wylie, Henry IV.; C. L. Kingsford, Henry V.; and Sir James Ramsay, Lancaster and York. (C. L. K.)
WARWICK, RICHARD NEVILLE, Earl of (1428-1471), called “the king-maker,” was eldest son of Richard Neville, earl of Salisbury, by Alice, only daughter and heiress of Thomas, the last Montacute earl of Salisbury. He was born on the 22nd of November 1428, and whilst still a boy betrothed to Anne, daughter of Richard Beauchamp, earl of Warwick. When her brother's daughter died in 1449, Anne, as only sister of the whole blood, brought her husband the title and chief share of the Warwick estates. Richard Neville thus became the premier earl, and both in power and position excelled his father. Richard, duke of York, was his uncle, so when York became protector in 1453, and Salisbury was made chancellor, it was natural that Warwick should be one of the council. After the king's recovery in 1455 Warwick and his father took up arms in York's support. Their victory at St Albans on the 22nd of May was due to the fierce energy with which Warwick assaulted and broke the Lancastrian centre. He was rewarded with the important office of captain of Calais; to his position there he owed his strength during the next five years. Even when York was displaced at home, Warwick retained his post, and in 1457 was also made admiral. He was present in February 1458 at the professed reconciliation of the two parties in a loveday at St Paul's, London. During the previous year he had done some good fighting on the march of Calais by land, and kept the sea with vigour; now on his return he distinguished himself in a great fight with Spanish ships off Calais on the 28th of May, and in the autumn by capturing a German salt-fleet on its way to Lübeck. These exploits brought him a prestige and popularity that were distasteful to the home government. Moreover, England was at war neither with Castile nor with the Hanse. Warwick's action may possibly have formed part of some Yorkist design for frustrating the foreign policy of their rivals. At all events there was pretext enough for recalling him to make his defence. Whilst he was at the court at Westminster a brawl occurred between his retainers and some of the royal household. Warwick himself escaped with difficulty, and went back to Calais, alleging that his life had been deliberately attempted. When in the following year a renewal of the war was imminent, Warwick crossed over to England with his trained soldiers from Calais under Sir Andrew Trollope. But at Ludlow on the 12th of October Trollope and his men deserted, and left the Yorkists helpless. Warwick, with his father, his cousin the young Edward of York, and only three followers, made his way to Barnstaple. There they hired a little fishing vessel. The master pleaded that he did not know the Channel, but Warwick resourcefully took command and himself steered a successful course to Calais. He arrived just in time to anticipate the duke of Somerset, whom the Lancastrians had sent to supersede him. During the winter Warwick held Calais against Somerset, and sent out a fleet which seized Sandwich and captured Lord Rivers. In the spring he went to Ireland to concert plans with Richard of York. On his return voyage he encountered a superior Lancastrian fleet in the Channel. But Exeter, the rival commander, could not trust his crews and dared not fight.
From Calais Warwick, Salisbury and Edward of York crossed to Sandwich on the 26th of June. A few days later they entered London, whence Warwick at once marched north. On the 10th of July he routed the Lancastrians at Northampton, and took the king prisoner. For the order to spare the commons and slay the lords Warwick was responsible, as also for some later executions at London. Yet when Richard of York was disposed to claim the crown, it was, according to Waurin, Warwick who decided the discussion in favour of a compromise, perhaps from loyalty to Henry, or perhaps from the wish not to change a weak sovereign for a strong. Warwick was in charge of London at the
