one of 73°.4 F. that of Louisville 76½° F., and that of Charleston 87° F. The average rate of increase of temperature is 1° for a descent of from 40 to 55 ft. In Württemberg the water of artesian wells is employed to maintain in large manufactories a constant temperature of 47° when it is freezing outside. Artesian waters have also been employed to reduce the extreme variations of temperature in fish-ponds.
WELLES, GIDEON (1802-1878), American political leader, was born at Glastonbury, Connecticut, on the 1st of July 1802. He studied for a time at Norwich University, Vermont, but did not graduate. From 1826 to 1837 he edited the Hartford Times, making it the official organ of the Jacksonian Democracy in southern New England. He served in the state House of Representatives in 1827, 1829-30, 1832 and 1834-35, was state comptroller in 1835 and 1842-43, was postmaster at Hartford in 1835-42, and was chief of the bureau of provisions and clothing in the Navy Department at Washington in 1846-1849. Leaving the Democratic party on the Kansas-Nebraska issue, he assisted in the formation of the Republican party in Connecticut, and was its candidate for governor in 1856; he was a delegate to the Republican national conventions of 1856 and 1860. On the inauguration of President Lincoln in 1861 he was appointed secretary of the navy, a position which he held until the close of President Andrew Johnson's administration in 1869. Although deficient in technical training, he handled with great skill the difficult problems which were presented by the Civil War. The number of naval ships was increased between 1861 and 1865 from 90 to 670, the officers from 1300 to 6700, the seamen from 7500 to 51,500, and the annual expenditure from $12,000,000 to $123,000,000; important changes were made in the art of naval construction, and the blockade of the Confederate ports was effectively maintained. Welles supported President Johnson in his quarrel with Congress, took part in the Liberal Republican movement of 1872, and returning to the Democratic party, warmly advocated the election of Samuel J. Tilden in 1876. He died at Hartford, Connecticut, on the 11th of February 1878.
In 1874 Welles published Lincoln and Seward, in which he refutes the charge that Seward dominated the Administration during the Civil War. His Diary, which appeared in the Atlantic Monthly (1909-1911), is extremely valuable for the study of the Civil War and Reconstruction. See also Albert Welles, History of the Welles Family (New York, 1876).
WELLESLEY, RICHARD COLLEY WESLEY (or Wellesley),
Marquess (1760-1842), eldest son of the 1st earl of Mornington,
an Irish peer, and brother of the famous duke of Wellington,
was born on the 20th of June 1760. He was sent to Eton,
where he was distinguished as a classical scholar, and to Christ
Church, Oxford. By his father's death in 1781 he became earl
of Mornington, taking his seat in the Irish House of Peers. In
1784 he entered the English House of Commons as member for
Beeralston. Soon afterwards he was appointed a lord of the
treasury by Pitt. In 1793 he became a member of the board
of control over Indian affairs; and, although he was best
known by his speeches in defence of Pitt's foreign policy, he
was gaining the acquaintance with Oriental affairs which made
his rule over India so effective from the moment when, in 1797,
he accepted the office of governor-general. Wellesley seems to
have caught Pitt's large political spirit during his intercourse
with him from 1793 to 1797. That both had consciously formed
the design of acquiring a great empire in India to compensate for
the loss of the American colonies is not proved; but the rivalry
with France, which in Europe placed England at the head of
coalition after coalition against the French republic and empire,
made Wellesley's rule in India an epoch of enormous and rapid
extension of English power. Clive won and Warren Hastings
consolidated the British ascendancy in India, but Wellesley
extended it into an empire. On the voyage outwards he formed
the design of annihilating French influence in the Deccan. Soon
after his landing, in April 1798, he learnt that an alliance was
being negotiated between Tippoo Sultan and the French republic.
Wellesley resolved to anticipate the action of the enemy, and
ordered preparations for war. The first step was to effect the
disbandment of the French troops entertained by the Nizam
of Hyderabad. The invasion of Mysore followed in February
1799, and the campaign was brought to a rapid close by the
capture of Seringapatam. In 1803 the restoration of the peshwa
proved the prelude to the Mahratta war against Sindhia and the
raja of Berar. The result of these wars and of the treaties
which followed them was that French influence in India was
extinguished, that forty millions of population and ten millions
of revenue were added to the British dominions, and that the
powers of the Mahratta and all other princes were so reduced that
England became the really dominant authority over all India.
He found the East India Company a trading body, he left it
an imperial power. He was an excellent administrator, and sought
to provide, by the foundation of the college of Fort William,
for the training of a class of men adequate to the great work of
governing India. In connexion with this college he established
the governor-general's office, to which civilians who had shown
talent at the college were transferred, in order that they
might learn something of the highest statesmanship in the
immediate service of their chief. A free-trader, like Pitt, he
endeavoured to remove some of the restrictions on the trade
between England and India. Both the commercial policy of
Wellesley and his educational projects brought him into hostility
with the court of directors, and he more than once tendered his
resignation, which, however, public necessities led him to postpone
till the autumn of 1805. He reached England just in time
to see Pitt before his death. He had been created an English
peer in 1797, and in 1799 an Irish marquess.
On the fall of the coalition ministry in 1807 Wellesley was invited by George III. to join the duke of Portland's cabinet, but he declined, pending the discussion in parliament of certain charges brought against him in respect of his Indian administration. Resolutions condemning him for the abuse of power were moved in both the Lords and Commons, but defeated by large majorities. In 1809 Wellesley was appointed ambassador to Spain. He landed at Cadiz just after the battle of Talavera, and endeavoured, but without success, to bring the Spanish government into effective co-operation with his brother, who, through the failure of his allies, had been compelled to retreat into Portugal. A few months later, after the duel between Canning and Castlereagh and the resignation of both, Wellesley accepted the post of foreign secretary in Perceval's cabinet. He held this office until February 1812, when he retired, partly from dissatisfaction at the inadequate support given to Wellington by the ministry, but also because he had become convinced that the question of Catholic emancipation could no longer be kept in the background. From early life Wellesley had, unlike his brother, been an advocate of Catholic emancipation, and with the claim of the Irish Catholics to justice he henceforward identified himself. On Perceval's assassination he refused to join Lord Liverpool's administration, and he remained out of office till 1821, criticizing with severity the proceedings of the congress of Vienna and the European settlement of 1814, which, while it reduced France to its ancient limits, left to the other great powers the territory that they had acquired by the partition of Poland and the destruction of Venice. He was one of the peers who signed the protest against the enactment of the Corn Laws in 1815. In 1821 he was appointed lord-lieutenant of Ireland. Catholic emancipation had now become an open question in the cabinet, and Wellesley's acceptance of the vice-royalty was believed in Ireland to herald the immediate settlement of the Catholic claims. The Orange faction was incensed by the firmness with which their excesses were now repressed, and Wellesley was on one occasion mobbed and insulted. But the hope of the Catholics still remained unfulfilled. Lord Liverpool died without having grappled with the problem. Canning in turn passed away; and on the assumption of office by Wellington, who was opposed to Catholic emancipation, his brother resigned the lord-lieutenancy. He had, however, the satisfaction of seeing the Catholic claims settled in the next year by the very statesmen who had declared against them. In 1833 he resumed the office of lord-lieutenant under Earl Grey, but the ministry soon fell, and, with one short exception, Wellesley did not further take part in official life. He died on the
