the central part of the borough there is a tower (60 ft. high) to the memory of the soldiers of Winsted who fell in the Civil War, and another park, contains a soldiers’ monument and a memorial fountain. Water power is derived from the Mad river and Highland lake, which is west of the borough and is encircled by the Wakefield boulevard, a seven-mile drive, along which there are many summer cottages. The manufactures include cutlery and edge tools, clocks, silk twist, hosiery, leather, &c. Winsted was settled in 1756 and chartered as a borough in 1858. The name Winsted was coined from Winchester and Barkhamsted, the latter being the name of the township immediately cast of Winchester. The township of Winchester was incorporated in 1771.
WINSTON-SALEM, two contiguous cities of Forsyth county,
North Carolina, U.S.A., about 115 m. N.W. of Raleigh. Pop. of
Winston (1880) 2854; (1890) 8018; (1900) 10,008 (5043 negroes);
(1910) 17,167. Pop. of Salem (1890) 2711, (1900) 3642 (488 being
negroes); (1910) 5533. Both cities are served by the Southern
and the Norfolk & Western railways. Since July 1899, when the
post office in Salem was made a sub-station of that of Winston,
the cities (officially two independent municipalities) have been
known by postal and railway authorities as Winston-Salem.
Winston is the county-seat and a manufacturing centre. Salem
is largely a residential and educational city, with many old fashioned
dwellings, but there are some important manufactories
here also; it is the seat of the Salem Academy and College
(Moravian) for women, opened as a boarding-school in 1802;
and of the Slater Normal and Industrial School (non-sectarian)
for negroes, founded from the Slater Fund in 1892. The surrounding
country produces tobacco of a very superior quality, and to
the tobacco industry, introduced in 1872, the growth of Winston
is chiefly due; the manufacture of flat plug tobacco here is
especially important. The total value of Winston’s factory
products increased from $4,887,649 in 1900 to $11,353,296 in
1905, or 132.3%.
Salem was founded in 1766 by Friedrich Wilhelm von Marschall (1721–1802), a friend of Zinzendorf, and the financial manager of the board controlling the Moravian purchase made in North Carolina in 1753, consisting of 100,000 acres, and called Wachovia. The town was to be the centre of this colony, where missionary work and religious liberty were to be promoted, and it remained the home of the governing board of the Moravian Church in the South. In 1849 exclusive Moravian control of Salem’s industries and trades was abolished; in 1856 land was first sold to others than Moravians, and in the same year the town was incorporated. Winston was founded in 1851 as the county seat and was named in honour of Major Joseph Winston (1746–1815), a famous Indian fighter, a soldier during the War of Independence and a representative in Congress in 1793–1795 and 1803–1807. The growth of the two cities has been rapid since 1900.
See J. H . Clewell, History of Wachovia in North Carolina (New York, 1902).
WINTER, JOHN STRANGE, the pen-name of Henrietta
Eliza Vaughan Stannard (1856–), English novelist, who was
born on the 13th of January 1856, the daughter of the Rev. H. V.
Palmer, rector of St Margaret’s, York. She early began to
write fiction for different magazines, producing sentimental
stories, chiefly of army life. Two of these, Bootles’ Baby and
Houp-la, which appeared originally in The Graphic in 1885,
established her reputation, and she became a prolific novelist,
producing some sixty other light and amusing books, the best
of which deal with military life. An indefatigable journalist
on matters affecting women, she was the first president of the
Writers’ Club (1892), and presided from 1901 to 1903 over the
Society of Women Journalists. She married in 1884 Arthur
Stannard, a civil engineer.
WINTER, PETER (c. 1755–1825), German dramatic composer, was born at Mannheim al)out 1755. He received some instruction
from the Abt Vogler, but was practically self-taught.
Alter playing in the Kapelle of the Elector Karl Theodor, at
Munich, he became in 1776 director of the court theatre. When
Mozart produced his Idomeneo at Munich in 1781, Winter,
annoyed at his success, conceived a violent hatred for him;
yet of more than thirty operas written by Winter between 1778
and 1820 very few were unsuccessful. His most popular work,
Das unterbrochene Opferfest, was produced in 1796 at Vienna,
where in 1797–1798 he composed Die Pyramiden von Babylon
and Das Labyrinth, both written for him by Schickaneder in
continuation of the story of Mozart’s Zauberflöte. He returned
to Munich in 1798. Five years later he visited London, where
he produced Calypso in 1803, Proserpina in 1804, and Zaïra in
1805, with great success. His last opera, Sänger und Schneider,
was produced in 1820 at Munich, where he died on the 17th of
October 1825. Besides his dramatic works he composed some
effective sacred music, including twenty-six masses.
WINTERFELDT, HANS KARL VON (1707–1757), Prussian
general, was born on the 4th of April 1707 at Vanselow in Pomerania. His education was imperfect, and in later life he always regretted his want of familiarity with the French language. He entered the cuirassier regiment of his uncle, Major-General von Winterfeldt (now the 12th) in 1720, and was promoted cornet after two years’ service. But he was fortunate enough, by his stature and soldierly bearing, to attract the notice of Frederick William I., who transferred him to the so-called giant regiment of grenadiers as a lieutenant. Before long he became a personal aide-de-camp to the king, and in 1732 he was sent with a party of selected non-commissioned officers to assist in the organization of the Russian army. While the guest of Marshal Münnich at St Petersburg, Winterfeldt fell in love with and married his cousin Julie von Maltzahn, who was the marshal’s
stepdaughter and a maid-of-honour to the grand-duchess
Elizabeth. On returning to Prussia he became intimate with the crown prince, afterwards Frederick the Great, whom, he accompanied in the Rhine campaign of 1734. This intimacy, in view of his personal relations with the king, made Winterfeldt’s
position very delicate and difficult, for Frederick William
and his son were so far estranged that, as every one knows,
the prince was sent before a court-martial by his father, on the
charge of attempting to desert, and was condemned to death.
Winterfeldt was the prince’s constant friend through ail these
troubles, and on Frederick II.’s accession he was promoted
major and appointed aide-de-camp to the new sovereign.
When the first Silesian War broke out Winterfeldt was sent on a mission to St Petersburg, which, however, failed. He then commanded a grenadier battalion with great distinction at Mollwitz, and won further glory in the celebrated minor combat of Rothschloss, where the Prussian hussars defeated the Austrians (May 17, 1741). One month from this day Winterfeldt was made a colonel, as also was Zieten (q.v.), the cavalry leader who had actually commanded at Rothschloss, though the latter, as the older in years and service, bitterly resented the rapid promotion of his junior. After this Frederick chiefly employed Winterfeldt as a confidential staff officer to represent his views to the generals, a position in which he needed extraordinary tact and knowledge of men and affairs, and as a matter of course made many enemies.
In the short peace before the outbreak of the second war he was constantly in attendance upon the king, who employed him again, when the war was resumed, in the same capacity as before, and, after he had been instrumental in winning a series of successful minor engagements, promoted him (1745) major-general, to date from January 1743.
For his great services at Hohenfriedberg Frederick gave him the captaincy of Tatiau, which carried with it a salary of 500 thalers a year. At Katholisch-Hennersdorf, where the sudden and unexpected invasion of the Austro-Saxons was checked by the vigour of Zieten, Winterfeldt arrived on the field in time to take a decisive share. Once again the rivals had to share their laurels, and Zieten actually wrote to the king in disparagement of Winterfeldt, receiving in reply a full and generous recognition of his own worth and services, coupled with the curt remark that the king intended to employ General von Winterfeldt in anyway that he thought fit. During the ten years’ peace that preceded
