to Household Words. He wrote several farces which were acted between 1857 and 1860. In 1855 he had begun writing a column for the Illustrated Times (under Henry Vizetelly), headed “The Lounger at the Clubs”: this was the first attempt at combining “smart” personal paragraphs with the better class of journalism, and in 1858 Yates was made editor of a new paper called Town Talk, which carried the innovation a step forward. His first number contained a laudatory article on Dickens, and the second a disparaging one on Thackeray, containing various personal references to private matters. Thackeray, regarding this as a serious affront, brought the article before the committee of the Garrick Club, of which he contended that Yates had made improper use, and the result was that Yates was expelled. Besides editing Temple Bar and Tinsley’s Magazine, Yates during the ’sixties took to lecturing on social topics, and published several books, including his best novel. Black Sheep (1867); and under the heading of “Le Flâneur” he continued in the Morning Star the sort of “personal column” which he had inaugurated in the Illustrated Times. On his retirement from the Post Office in 1872 he went to America on a lecturing tour, and afterwards, as a special correspondent for the New York Herald, travelled through Europe. But in 1874, with the help of E. C. Grenville Murray, he established a new London weekly, The World, “a journal for men and women,” which he edited himself. The paper at once became a success, and Yates bought out Grenville Murray and became sole proprietor. The World was the first of the new type of “society papers,” abounding in personal criticism and gossip: one of its features was the employment of the first person singular in its columns, a device by which the personal element in this form of journalism was emphasized. After Truth was started in 1877 by Mr Henry Labouchere (who was one of Yates’s earliest contributors), the rivalry between the two weeklies was amusingly pointed by references in The World to what “Henry” said, and in Truth to the mistakes made by “Edmund.” In 1885 Yates was convicted of a libel in 1884 on Lord Lonsdale, and was imprisoned in Holloway gaol for seven weeks. In the same year he published his Recollections and Experiences in two volumes. He died on the 20th of May 1894. He had been the typical flâneur in the literary world of the period, an entertaining writer and talker, with a talent for publicity of the modern type—developed, no doubt, from his theatrical parentage—which, through his imitators, was destined to have considerable influence on journalism.
YATES, MARY ANN (1728–1787), English actress, was the daughter of William Graham, a ship’s steward. In 1753 she appeared at Drury Lane as Marcia in Samuel Crisp’s (d. 1783) Virginia, Garrick being the Virginius. She was gradually entrusted with all the leading parts. Mrs Yates, whose husband, Richard Yates (c. 1706–1706), was a well-known comedian, succeeded Mrs Cibber as the leading tragedian of the English stage, and was in turn succeeded—and eclipsed—by Mrs Siddons.
YATES, RICHARD (1818–1873), American political leader, was born at Warsaw, Kentucky, on the 18th of January 1818. He graduated at the Illinois College at Jacksonville in 1838, was admitted to the bar, and entered politics as a Whig. From 1842 to 1845 and again in 1849 he served in the state House of Representatives. He was a representative in Congress in 1851–1855, but having become a Republican, was defeated for a third term. From 1861 to 1865 he was governor of Illinois, and was successful in enlisting troops and in checking the strong pro-Southern sentiment in the state. He was a member of the United States Senate in 1865–71, and was prominent in Reconstruction legislation. He died at St Louis, Missouri, on the 27th of November 1873. His son Richard (b. 1860) was governor of Illinois from 1901 to 1905.
YATSAUK, called by the Shans Lawksawk, a state in the central division of the southern Shan States of Burma. Area, 2197 sq. m. Pop. (1901), 24,839, of whom less than one-half are Shans; revenue, £2000. The crops grown are rice, segamum, cotton, ground-nuts and oranges. As a whole the state is mountainous, with ranges running N. and S. The main range has a general height of 5000 ft., with peaks, such as Loi Sampa, rising to 7846 ft. The middle and S., however, consist of open rolling country, with an average height of 3500 ft. To the N. the country falls away to the Nam Tu (Myitngè), where there are fine teak forests, as well as along the Nam Lang and Nam Et, which with the Zawgyi form the chief rivers of the state. Most of them disappear underground at intervals, which makes the extraction of timber impossible except for local use. Lawksawk, the capital, stands on the N. bank of the Zawgyi, near a small weedy lake. The old brick walls and the moat are falling into decay. The chief at the time of annexation had been at war with the Burmese, but refused to submit to the British, and fled to Kēng Hūng, where he died some years afterwards. The sawbwa chosen in 1887 belonged to another Shan ruling house. He died in 1900, and was succeeded by his son.
YATUNG, a trade-market of Tibet, situated in the mouth of the Chumbi valley near the Indian frontier. According to the Convention of 1890–93, the market at Yatung was opened to India, and the conduct of the Tibetans in building a wall across the road between Yatung and Tibet was one of the incidents that led up to the British mission of 1904. According to the treaty of that year, a British trade-agent was to be maintained at Yatung.
YAUCO, a city of the department of Ponce, Porto Rico, 20 m. W. by N. of the city of Ponce. Pop. (1899) 6108. Yauco is served by the American Railroad of Porto Rico. The city is situated about 150 ft. above the sea, and has a delightful climate. It is connected by a wagon road with its port, Guanica (pop. about 1000), which has an excellent harbour. Coffee and tobacco are the chief industries. Yauco was first settled in 1756.
YAVORSKY, STEPHEN (c. 1658–1722), Russian archbishop and statesman, one of the ablest coadjutors of Peter the Great, was educated at the Kiev Academy and various Polish schools. Becoming a monk, he settled at the Kiev Academy as a preacher and professor, being appointed prefect of the institution and prior of the monastery of St Nicholas. He attracted the attention of Peter by his funeral oration over the boyar Shein, and was made archbishop of Ryazan in 1700. In 1702, on the death of the last patriarch of Moscow, Yavorsky was appointed custodian of the spiritualities of the patriarchal see. Notwithstanding frequent collisions with Peter, and his partiality for the unfortunate tsarevich Alexius, Yavorsky was too valuable a man to be discarded. In 1721 he was made first president of the newly erected Holy Synod, but died in the following year.
Yavorsky’s chief works are his Rock of the Faith of the Orthodox-Catholic Eastern Church and Dogmatic, Moral and Panegyrical Sermons. See Y. T. Samarin, Stephen Yavorsky (Rus.) (Moscow, 1844); I. Morev, “The Rock of the Faith” of the Metropolitan Stephen Yavorsky (Rus.) (Petersburg, 1904).
YAWL, the name of a special rig of small sailing vessels or yachts, with two masts, the mainmast cutter-rigged, and a small mizzen stepped far aft with a spanker or driving sail. The name has also been applied to a small ship’s boat rowed with four or more oars. The word is apparently an adaptation of the Dutch jol, skiff.
The English “jolly-boat,” a small bluff-bowed, wide-transomed ship’s boat, swung at the stern of a vessel for ready use, is probably a corruption of the Danish form of the word jolle. Other authorities take it to be a corruption of a late 15th-century jolywat, a small ship’s boat, which is supposed to represent galiote, galliot (see Galley). A galliot, however, was never a small boat, but an independent vessel propelled by oars or sails.
YAWS, the name in use in the British West Indies for a contagious inoculable tropical disease, running a chronic course and characterized by a peculiar eruption, together with more or less constitutional disturbance. It is known by various local names in different parts. In the French Antilles it is called pian; in Brazil, boba; on the west coast of Africa, gattu, dubé and taranga; in Fiji, coko; in the Malay Peninsula, purru; in the Moluccas, bouton d’Amboine; in Samoa, tonga or tono; in Basutoland, makaola; and in Ceylon it is
