made Roman and Byzantine law his special study, he visited Paris in 1832 to examine Byzantine MSS., went in 1834 to St Petersburg and Copenhagen for the same purpose, and in 1835 worked in the libraries of Brussels, London, Oxford, Dublin, Edinburgh and Cambridge. After a few months as a practising lawyer and privatdozent at Heidelberg, he went in 1837, in search of materials, to Italy and the East, visiting Athens, Constantinople and the monasteries of Mount Athos. Having a taste for a country life, and none for teaching, he gave up his position as extraordinary professor at Heidelberg, and in 1845 bought an estate in the Prussian province of Saxony. Here he lived, engaged in scientific agriculture and interested in Prussian politics, until his death on the 3rd of June 1894.
He produced an enormous mass of works of great importance for students of Byzantine law. The task to which he devoted his life was, to discover and classify the sources of Byzantine law hidden away in the libraries of the East and West; to re-edit, in the light of modern criticism, those sources which had already been published; to write the history of Byzantine law on the basis of this hitherto undiscovered material; and finally, to apply the results to the scientific elucidation of the Justinian law. His Jus Graeco-Romanum, of which the first part was published in 1856, the last in 1891, is the best and most complete collection of the sources of Byzantine law and of the Novels from the time of Justin II. to 1453. On the general history of the subject he wrote two epoch-making works, the Historiae Graeco-Romani juris delineatio, cum appendice ineditorum (Heidelberg, 1839), and Innere Geschichte des grieschisch-romischen Rechts. I. Personalrecht; II. Erbrecht; III. Die Geschichte des Sachenrechts and Obligationsrecht (Leipzig, 1856), the third edition of which appeared under the title Geschichte des griechisch-romischen Rechts (1892). In this last work, which covered ground hitherto unexplored, Byzantine is treated as a development of Justinian law, and incidentally many obscure points in the economic and agrarian conditions of the Eastern empire are elucidated. For a list of Zachariae's other works, see Allgem. Deutsche Biogr., art. by Wilhelm Fischer.
ZACHARIAS, ST, pope from 741 to 752, was a Greek by birth, and appears to have been on intimate terms with Gregory III., whom he succeeded (November 741). Contemporary history dwells chiefly on his great personal influence with the Lombard king Luitprand, and with his successor Rachis; it was largely through his tact in dealing with these princes in a variety of emergencies that the exarchate of Ravenna was rescued from becoming part of the Lombard kingdom. A correspondence, of considerable extent and of great interest, between Zacharias and St Boniface, the apostle of Germany, is still extant, and shows how great was the influence of this pope on events then passing in France and Germany: he encouraged the deposition of Childeric, and it was with his sanction that Boniface crowned Pippin as king of the Franks at Soissons in 752. Zacharias is stated to have remonstrated with the emperor Constantine Copronymus on the part he had taken in the iconoclastic controversy. He died on the 14th of March 732, and was succeeded by Stephen II.
The letters and decrees of Zacharias are published in Migne, Patrotog. Lat. Ixxxix. p. 917-960.
ZAGAZIG (Zakazik), a town of Lower Egypt, capital of the province of Sharkia. Pop. (1907) 34,999. including 2617 Copts and 1355 Greeks. It is built on a branch of the Fresh Water or Ismailia canal, and on the Al-Mo'izz canal (the ancient Tanitic channel of the Nile), and is 47 m. by rail N.N.E. of Cairo. Situated on the Delta in the midst of a fertile district, Zagazig is a great centre of the cotton and grain trade of Egypt. It has large cotton factories and the offices of numerous European merchants. About a mile south of the town are the ruins of Bubastis (q.v).
ZAHRINGEN, the name of an old and influential German family, taken from the castle and village of that name near Freiburg-im-Breisgau. The earliest known member of the family was probably one Bezelin, a count in the Breisgau, who was living early in the nth century. Bezelin's son Bertold I. (d. J078) was count of Ziihringen and was related to the Hohenstaufen family. He received a promise of the duchy of Swabia, which, however, was not fulfilled, but in 1061 he was made duke of Catinthia. Although this dignity was a titular one only Bertold lost it when he joined a rising against the emperor Henry IV. in 1073. His son Bertold II. (d. 1111), who like his father fought against Henry IV., inherited the land of the counts of Rheinfelden in 1090 and took the title of duke of Zahringen; he was succeeded in turn by his sons, Bertold III. (d. 1122) and Conrad (d. 1152). In 1127 Conrad inherited some land in Burgundy and about this date he was appointed by the German king, Lothair the Saxon, rector of the kingdom of Burgundy or Aries. This office was held by the Zahringens until 1218 and hence they are sometimes called dukes of Burgundy. Bertold IV. (d. 1186), who followed his father Conrad, spent much of his time in Italy in the train of the emperor Frederick I.; his son and successor, Bertold V., showed his prowess by reducing the Burgundian nobles to order. This latter duke was the founder of the town of Bern, and when he died in February 121S the main line of the Zahringen family became extinct. By extensive acquisitions of land the Zahringens had become very powerful in the districts now known as Switzerland and Baden, and when their territories were divided in 1218 part of them passed to the counts of Kyburg and thence to the house of Habsburg. The family now ruling in Baden is descended from Hermann, margrave of Verona (d. 1074), a son of duke Bertold I., and the grand-duke is thus the present representative of the Zahringens.
See E. J. Leichtlen, Die Zahringer (Freiburg, 1831), and E. Heyck, Geschichte der Herzoge von Zahringen (Freiburg, 1891), and Urkunden, Siegel und Wappen der Herzoge von Zahringen (Freiburg, 1892).
ZAHRINGEN, a village of Germany, in the grand duchy of Baden, situated under the western slope of the Black Forest, 2 m. from Freiburg-im-Breisgau, and on the railway from Heidelberg to Basel. Pop. (1900) 1200. Above the village on a spur of the mountains, 1500 ft. above the sea, lie the ruins of the castle of Zahringen, formerly the stronghold of the ducal line of that name (see above).
See Schopflin, Historia Zaringo-Badensis (Karlsruhe, 1763-66, 7 vols.).
ZAILA, or Zeila; a town on the African coast of the Gulf of
Aden, 124 m. S.W. of Aden and 200 m. N.N.E. of Harrar.
Zaila is the most western of the ports of the British Somaliland
protectorate, being 170 m. N.W. of Berbera by the coast caravan
track. The town is surrounded on three sides by the sea; landward
the country is unbroken desert for some fifty miles. The
principal buildings, which date from the days of Egyptian
occupation (1875-1884) are of white (coral) stone; the Somali
dwellings are made of grass. Zaila has a good sheltered
anchorage much frequented by Arab sailing craft, but heavy
draught steamers are obliged to anchor a mile and a half from
the shore. Small coasting boats lie off the pier and there is no
difficulty in loading or discharging cargo. The water supply of
the town is drawn from the wells of Takosha, about three miles
distant; every morning camels, in charge of old Somali women
and bearing goatskins filled with water, come into the town in
picturesque procession. The population varies from 3000 to
7000, the natives, who come in the cool season to barter their
goods, retiring to the highlands in hot weather. The chief
traders are Indians, the smaller dealers Arabs, Greeks and
Jews. The imports, which reach Zaila chiefly via Aden, are
mainly cotton goods, rice, jowaree, dates and silk; the exports—of
which 90 per cent. are from Abyssinia—are principally
coffee, skins, ivory, cattle, ghee and mother-of-pearl.
Zaila owed its importance to its proximity to Harrar, the great entrepôt for the trade of southern Abyssinia. The trade of the port received, however, a severe check on the opening (1901-2) of the railway to Harrar from the French port of Jibuti, which is 35 m. N.W. of Zaila. A steamer from Aden to Zaila takes fifteen hours to accomplish the journey; caravans proceeding from Zaila to Harrar occupy from ten days to three weeks on the road.
For history and trade statistics, see Somaliland, British.
ZAIMUKHT. the name of a small Pathan tribe on the Kohat border of the North-West Frontier Province of India. The Zaimukhts inhabit the hills to the south of the Orakzais
