Home rule for cities, a far cry when Lord Bryce's book appeared, was in 1921 the guaranteed constitutional right of the cities of one-quarter of the states in the Union and bade fair to become the policy of many more. It represented a great gain both for municipal government and for an efficient administration of state affairs. Improvements in the personnel of city officials have not kept pace with improvements in other directions, although substantial changes for the better are everywhere to be noted. There can be no lasting improvement in this connexion until the short ballot becomes an established fact. This change will come less quickly than the others because of the “vested interests” of the great political organizations, which will yield with the greatest reluctance, for the short ballot means the substitution of citizen management for party organization. Whether the latter would ever cease to be necessary was still in 1921 a question upon which there was a sharp difference of opinion. There is no doubt, however, that party ties, particularly in local contests, are far looser than they formerly were. “Municipal affairs” was in 1921 a phrase which included a multitude of things that a generation earlier were not discussed even academically. One has only to study the budget of the present-day American city to appreciate how manifold those affairs have become. Not only numerically but intrinsically they have grown in importance and this constitutes an important feature of the present public interest in them. The municipal activities of American cities are numerous and varied. Prof. Frank Parsons, in summing them up, declared that the following subjects were held to be proper public purposes and proper subjects of municipal ownership and control: “Roads, bridges, sidewalks, sewers, ferries, markets, scales, wharves, canals, parks, baths, schools, libraries, museums, hospitals, lodging houses, poor houses, police, jails, cemeteries, prevention of fire, supply of water, gas, electricity, heat, power, transportation, telegraph and telephone service, clocks, skating rinks, musical entertainments, exhibitions of fireworks, tobacco warehouses, employment offices.” The three decades following 1890 witnessed a steady growth toward responsible, efficient democratic government among American cities. (C. R. W.)
CLARETIE, JULES ARSÈNE ARNAUD (1840-1913), French man of letters (see 6.436[1]), retired from the administration of the Théâtre Français in 1913. La Vie de Paris was completed in 1913, and published in 21 vols. in 1914. He died in Paris Dec. 23 1913.
CLARK, CHAMP (1850-1921), American politician, was born in Anderson co., Ky., March 7 1850. He first entered Kentucky University but finished his course at Bethany College in 1873. The following year he was elected president of Marshall College, West Virginia, and one year later was admitted to the bar. After 1880 his law office was in Bowling Green, Missouri. He was city attorney for Louisiana (Mo.) and Bowling Green from 1878 to 1881, was prosecuting attorney for Pike co. 1885-9, and then for three years was a member of the Missouri House of Representatives. He was a member of Congress from 1893 to 1895, and from 1919 to 1921, being Speaker from 1911 to 1919 and minority leader thereafter; he was defeated in the election of 1920. At the Democratic Convention for the nomination of a presidential candidate held at Baltimore in 1912, he led on 27 ballots, and had a clear majority on eight, but he was finally defeated by Woodrow Wilson of New Jersey. He died in Washington, D.C., March 2 1921.
CLARKE, ALEXANDER ROSS (1828-1914), British soldier, was born Dec. 16 1828. He entered the Royal Engineers, and in 1854 was placed in charge of the trigonometrical operations of the ordnance survey. He retained this position until 1881. He was one of the British representatives at the international geodetic congress held in Rome in 1883, and in 1887 received the Royal medal of the Royal Society. Colonel Clarke was a recognized authority on geodesy, and made valuable contributions to the subject. He died at Reigate Feb. 11 1914.
CLARKE, SIR CASPAR PURDON (1846-1911), English art expert, was born in London Dec. 21 1846. Educated privately at Sydenham and Boulogne. In 1862 he entered the art schools at South Kensington and was trained as an architect. In 1865 he entered the Office of Works, and in 1867 was attached to the works department of the South Kensington museum. He travelled extensively for the museum, purchasing objects of art, and at the same time carried on his profession as an architect. In 1883 he became keeper of the India museum at South Kensington, in 1892 keeper of the art collections at South Kensington, in 1893 assistant-director, and in 1896 director. This post he held until 1905, when he became director of the Metropolitan museum, New York, resigning in 1910. He was knighted in 1902. He died in London March 29 1911.
CLARKE, SIR EDWARD GEORGE (1841-), English lawyer and politician (see 6.444), retired from the bar in 1914. He published in 1918 an autobiography, The Story of my Life.
CLAUSEN, GEORGE (1852-), English painter (see 6.467). His recent work has been chiefly landscapes, such as “The Fields in June” (1914), now in the Cardiff gallery, and “Midsummer Dawn” (1921), but has also included portraits and figure work such as “The Window” (1912), now in Cape Town gallery. For the Imperial War museum he painted the large “Gun Factory at Woolwich Arsenal” (1919), broadly decorative but very refined in handling. His decorative work also includes “Renaissance" (1915) and decorations for the Hall at High Royd, Huddersfield, consisting of life-size figures in lunettes. He was elected R.A. in 1908, and is a member of the R.W.S. He is represented in the Tate gallery by “The Girl at the Gate” (1890) and “The Gleaners Returning” (1908).
CLEMENCEAU, GEORGES EUGENE BENJAMIN (1841-), French statesman (see 6.482). When Clemenceau resigned the French premiership in July 1909, he had already played as great a part in his country's history as would have satisfied the energies and ambitions of most men. He might be driven from office; nothing could force him to give up the fearless use of his critical gifts as a speaker and as a writer. Out of office he remained a formidable figure. As a senator he did his utmost to defeat Raymond Poincaré in the presidential election of 1913, and rallied against him all the forces of French radicalism. Clemenceau's candidate, Jules Pams, was adopted by the party caucus, but, in spite of Clemenceau, Poincaré maintained his candidature at Versailles and was elected. There were many then who felt that at last “the Tiger” had been killed. On the boulevards, young students who, years afterwards, were to seek from Clemenceau all their hope and inspiration, paraded shouting “Down with Clemenceau!” The old fighter refused to accept this defeat. He founded l'Homme Libre, in which to carry on his warfare against Poincaré. Every morning he poured a column of acid upon the new President of the republic, but soon found himself forced by patriotic honesty to support with all his strength the chief measure introduced to Parliament during the first year of Poincaré's term of office—the Three Years' Military Service bill. He belonged to the generation of defeat, and, while in no way a revanchard, believed, in spite of his cynicism, that injustice cannot be permanent, and therefore desired to see his country strong. He, more than any other Frenchman, had studied and appreciated the meaning of German military preparations, and to him also belongs the honour of having been calmly consistent in warning France of what was to come and exhorting her to gird up her loins. He fought for the Three Years' Service bill with every weapon in his armoury, and it was he who opened the eyes of many Radical opponents of the measure to the danger of allowing considerations arising from the approaching elections to cloud their judgment on a matter of life or death to the country.
On the very eve of the World War in July 1914, speaking in the Senate, he insisted upon steps being taken to press forward at top speed the realization of the artillery programme. His war writings began long before war was declared, and there are some worthy of a place in history. Among them were the articles published by l'Homme Libre under the splendid titles of “Vouloir ou Mourir,” “Pour Être,” “Triompher ou Perir.” After the outbreak of hostilities he soon made acquaintance with the stupidity of rigorous censorship, and in Sept. 1914 his paper
- ↑ These figures indicate the volume and page number of the previous article.
