appeals from whose findings may be made to the superior court of the county. In the physical examinations for the draft during the World War, 20-79 % of those examined were disqualified for physical disability, Connecticut being the seventh highest state in this percentage. On investigation it was found that many of the dis- abling disorders were due to preventable conditions in childhood. The result was the appointment of a commission to report a pro- gramme for child welfare. The commission reported in 1921. It was found at the same time that 37-21 % of all Connecticut regis- trants under the draft law were aliens. Only one state had a higher percentage. The result of this situation was a vigorous movement for the Americanization of aliens.
Education. Beginning July 15 19*09, the organization of public education changed from the district type to that of town manage- ment. There were in 1921 less than ten townships in the state that had not availed themselves of the law. Under township management all schools of the township are under the direction of the town school committee. Appropriations for the support of the schools are made at a town meeting. The plan has resulted in better and more uniform advantages for school children. Compulsion was made more rigid by the enactment providing that after Sept. I 1911 no employment certificate of any description could be accepted by any employer except such as were issued by the State Board of Education. On July I 1917 a law went into effect providing that all new public- school teachers pay annually 5 % of their salary into a pension fund. At the end of 35 years (changed to 30 in 1919), the last 15 of which must be within the state, or on reaching the age of 60, the teacher might retire and receive' the annuity which his or her contributions and accrued interest would warrant. To this the state would add as a pension a sum equal to the annuity. Special provisions were made to apply to public-school teachers already in service at the time of passage. In 1911 a charter was granted for a woman's college at New London, and in 1914 it was opened as the Connecticut Woman's College, with Dr. F. H. Sykes as president.
In 1920 the corporation of Yale University announced the estab- lishment of a Department of Education in the graduate school, designed among other things to train " superintendents, supervisors, principals, directors of special activities, research specialists, normal and college instructors in education and class-room teachings." For further information regarding YALE UNIVERSITY, see that heading.
History. In 1913 it became known to the public that the financial condition of the New York, New Haven, and Hartford railway was unsound. The dependence of the people of the state on the road was made clear by a statement of the road's president, Mr. Howard Elliott, that in 1913 the road controlled 942 of the 1,000 m. of steam railroad in the state, and in addition was interested in separately operated trolley lines aggregating 605 m. out of a total of 911 miles. This dependence was aug- mented by the fact that (to quote Gov. Holcomb) " the se- curities of this corporation are quite largely owned and held by women and children, in trust funds, and by our insurance com- panies who purchased them as a safe, conservative investment." The change. in the financial affairs of the railway brought its stock rapidly from far above par to much below. The suffering caused was general and very considerable. Public opinion forced a change of management.
When the United States was finally compelled to sever diplomatic relations with the Imperial German Government (Feb. 3 1917), Gov. Holcomb requested the Legislature (Feb. 6 1917) to provide for a census of men of military age, the object being to determine not only the number of such men but their occupations, previous military training, nationality and whether or not they were citizens. It was the pioneer military census within the United States and served as a model for those of other states. The Home Guard of Connecticut, formed March 9 1917, rose to 10,000 men. During the summer of 1917 the 26th Division was organized from the New England National Guard. Of the units in that organization the following came from Connecticut: the 1st and and Conn. Infantry became part of the icznd Infantry; two batteries of Conn. Field Artillery became part of the 1 03rd Field Artillery; the Conn. Cavalry became part of the loist Machine-Gun Battalion; and the ist Conn. Field Hos- pital and ist New Haven Field Hospital became part of the loist Sanitary Train. The division established its headquarters in France at Neufchateau, Oct. 31 1917. It participated, among other actions, in the Aisne-Marne, the St. Mihiel and the Meuse- Argonne offensives. During the formation of the 26th Division, preparations were being made for the National Army. The ist Provisional Training Regiment was organized at Plattsburg,
N. Y., May 15 1917- To this regiment Connecticut sent her officer candidates to train for commissions. On Aug. 25 1917 the 76th Division was organized at Camp Devens, Ayer, Mass., its officers below the rank of lieutenant-colonel being drawn almost entirely from the ist Provisional Training Regiment. The bulk of the drafted men from Connecticut went originally to this division. In July 1918 the division established headquarters in St. Amand-Mont-Rond, France, and became the 3rd Depot Division. The number of Connecticut men drafted under the Selective Service Act was 34,574; this figure does not include the numerous volunteers in the armies of the United States or of the Allies. The number who died were 1,305. The amount subscribed by Connecticut in the five War Loans was $437,476,- 103, an amount $137,557,803 above the state's quota.
Connecticut failed to ratify either the i8th (Prohibition) Amendment or the i9th (Woman Suffrage) Amendment to the Constitution of the United States. The governors of Connecticut in the years following 1909 were: Frank B. Weeks, 1909-11; Simon E. Baldwin, 1911-5; Marcus H. Holcomb, 1915-21; Everett J. Lake, 1921-
Bibliography. For recent works on Connecticut see H. W. Wal- dradt, The Financial History of Connecticut from 1789 to 1861, Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences, March 1912; P. W. Bidwell, Rural Economy in New England at the Beginning of the Nineteenth Century, ibid. April 1916; C. M. Douglas, The Govern- ment of the State of Connecticut, revised and rewritten by Lewis S. Mills, agent of the Conn. State Board of Education (1917); R. J. Purcell, Connecticut in Transition (1918); C. M. Andrews, The Fathers of New England and Colonial Folkways in The Chronicles of America (1919); M. Newcomer, Separation of State and Local Revenues in the United States (a comparative study of eight states, including Connecticut) (1917); H. Elliott, Connecticut and the New Haven Road (1913). (R- H. G.)
CONRAD, JOSEPH (1856- ), English novelist (see 6.968). Later work includes a study of the revolutionary temperament, Under Western Eyes (1911); an autobiographical set of Reminiscences (1912); three volumes of short stories, ' Twixt Land and Sea (1912), Within the Tides (1915) and The Shadow Line (1917); as well as 4 novels, Chance (1914); Victory (1915); The Arrow
of Gold (1919) and The Rescue (1920). A dramatized version of
Victory was played at the Globe theatre, London, in 1920.
CONRAD VON HOTZENDORF, COUNT (1852- ), Austrian field-marshal, was born at Vienna, and after graduating at the military academy of Wiener Neustadt entered the army as lieutenant in a Jager regiment. He was appointed to the general staff, and distinguished himself during the fighting in
Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1878 and 1881. He continued to be employed mainly on the general staff, especially as lecturer on tactics in the Kriegsschule (the highest military academy),
and he gained the reputation of an authoritative writer on military subjects. Among the many people in whom he inspired confidence was the heir to the throne, the Archduke Francis Ferdinand, by whose influence he was_ appointed in 1906 to succeed Count Beck as chief of the general staff. He displayed extraordinary activity, concerning himself not only with the work of his own office, but with matters of internal, and still more of foreign, policy. This brought him into increasingly sharp disaccord with the Foreign Minister, Count Aehrenthal. Conrad was filled more particularly with the deepest distrust of Italy, and, convinced as he was that it would be impossible to avoid a struggle for the very existence of the Habsburg Monarchy, he wished to precipitate this struggle while the chances were not unfavourable. The latent opposition between the two men led to Conrad's temporary retirement in 1911. At the end of 1912 he was recalled to his post and in 1914 agreed to the military measures against Serbia which led to the World War. For more than two years of the war he was the real leader of the Austro-Hungarian armies. Though he was not always successful in the unequal struggle, the essential credit of the great success at Gorlice (1915) must be ascribed to him. To him also are due a series of successful operations, although a decisive victory was denied him. In 1917 he assumed the command of the forces operating in Tirol, and took part in every engagement until the battle of the Piave in the summer of 1918. After this he retired from
