Mystic (1920) ; Cartagena and the Books of the Sinu (1920). Early in the World War he went to South America to buy horses for the British army, and carried out his mission with success.
CURRIE, SIR ARTHUR (1875- ), Canadian general and administrator, was born at Napperton, Ont., Dec. 5 1875. On the outbreak of the World War his natural bent for military affairs quickly brought him to the front. He commanded the ist Canadian Div. 1914-7, and the Canadian Corps in France 1917-9. He gained the confidence of the English military authorities in the field, and when Lord Byng resigned his command of the Canadian troops Sir Arthur Currie was the one Canadian to whom it was felt by the British Headquarters that the command could be entrusted. The manner in which he carried out his command marked him by common consent a military leader of unusual distinction. In the concluding phases of the war the Canadian forces under his command played a notable part. Currie was given the C.B. in 1915, K.C.M.G. i9i7,K.C.B. 1918 and G.C.M.G. 1919; he was awarded the French Legion of Honour and the Croix de Guerre both of France and of Belgium, and was created Grand Officer of the Belgian Ordre de la Cou- ronne. In 1920, after Sir Auckland Geddes had finally declined the nomination to the principalship of McGill University, Montreal, on his appointment as British ambassador to Washing- ton, Sir Arthur Currie was elected to the post.
CURTIS, CYRUS HERMANN KOTZSCHMAR (1850- ), American publisher, was born at Portland, Me., June 18 1850. He was educated in the public schools of Portland, sold newspapers when a boy, and in 1870 joined a Boston paper as advertising solicitor. In 1876 he went to Philadelphia and became a publisher of the Tribune and Farmer, a weekly paper. In 1883 he established the Ladies' Home Journal, and in 1891 organized the Curtis Publishing Company. In 1897 he purchased the Saturday Evening Post, which was a direct continuation of the Pennsylvania Gazette, founded in 1728 by Benjamin Franklin, and in 1911 he bought the Country Gentleman. The Ladies' Home Journal and the Saturday Evening Post attained a circulation of 2,000,000 each, and probably carried more paid advertising than any other publications in the world. For this reason, although the cost of producing a copy of the Saturday Evening Post was many times its selling price to the public (5 cents), this magazine was highly profitable to the publisher. In 1913 he purchased the Philadelphia Public Ledger.
CURZON OF KEDLESTON, GEORGE NATHANIEL CURZON, 1ST MARQUESS (1859- ), English statesman (see 7.665), received an earldom (along with the viscountcy of Scarsdale and the barony of Ravensdale) as one of the coronation honours in 1911. He was conspicuous in that year first by his strong denunciation of the Parliament bill and the whole Liberal attack on the Lords, and then by the leading share which he took, in the final stage, in persuading the bulk of the Unionist peers to ab- stain from voting in the crucial division and so to permit the bill to pass rather than have their House swamped by hundreds of creations ad hoc. During the vehement party conflicts of the next two or three years before the World War he established his position as the chief lieutenant of Lord Lansdowne in the Lords. But much of his time and attention during the period of opposi- tion were given to the affairs of Oxford University, of which he had become chancellor; and he promoted the cause of reform there by personal effort and by publishing a detailed memoran- dum on the subject. With other Unionist leaders he joined Mr. Asquith's Coalition Cabinet in the summer of 1915, as Lord Privy Seal; and in that capacity he introduced the bill constitut- ing the new Ministry of Munitions under Mr. Lloyd George, and took charge in the Lords of the Munitions of War bill which was to furnish that Ministry with its weapons. In these and other ways he gave proof of a determination to prosecute the war with zeal and energy. He accepted the presidency of the Air Board in May 1916, and in July became a permanent member of the War Committee of the Cabinet. When Mr. Lloyd George formed his Ministry in Dec., he was accorded a still more prominent position. Lord Lansdowne and Lord Crewe the two leaders of parties in the Lords both retired, and Lord Curzon became the leader of the House with the office of President of the Council. He was chosen also to be one of the four ministers (the others being the Prime Minister, Lord Milner, and Mr. Henderson) who constituted the War Cabinet, and were charged with the permanent daily conduct of the war. After the Paris Conference he took over the Foreign Office from Mr. Balfour, retaining his leadership in the Lords. As leader, though not able to claim the sympathetic touch and close familiarity with their lordships' idiosyncrasies possessed by some of his predecessors, he exhibited remarkable intellectual powers and oratorical capacity, and gradually established his ascendancy in the House. In the Foreign Office he found a specially congenial sphere, as he had throughout his life made a study of the external relations of the country, and had travelled extensively. But foreign affairs in the years immediately following the war were still dominated by the Prime Minister, and by the Supreme Council.
Lord Curzon's first wife, by whom he had three daughters, died in 1906, and in 1917 he married, as his second wife, Grace Elvina, widow of Alfred Duggan, of Buenos Aires, and daughter of J. Munroe Hinds, U.S. minister in Brazil. He succeeded to the barony of Scarsdale on his father's death in 1916, and be- came a K.G. in the same year. He was created a marquess on the King's birthday in 1921.
CUSHING, HARVEY (1869- ), American surgeon, was born at Cleveland, O., April 8 1869. He graduated from Yale in 1891 and from the Harvard Medical School in 1895. After doing exceptional cerebral surgery abroad under Kocher at Berne and Sherrington at Liverpool he began private practice in Baltimore. Here at the age of 32 he was made associate professor of surgery at Johns Hopkins University, and at the hospital was placed in full charge of cases of surgery of the central nervous system. Yet he found time to write numerous monographs on surgery of the brain and spinal column and to make important contributions to bacteriology. He made (with Kocher) a study of intra- cerebral pressure and (with Sherrington) contributed much to the localization of the cerebral centres. In Baltimore he developed the method of operating with local anaesthesia, and his paper on its use in hernia gave him a European reputation. He has also made important contributions to the study of blood pressure in surgery. In 1911 he was appointed professor of surgery in the Harvard Medical School and surgeon-in-chief at the Peter Bent Brigham hospital in Boston. In 1913 he was made an hon. F.R.C.S. (London). In 1915, before the Clinical Congress of Surgeons in Boston, he showed the possibility of influencing stature by operating on the pituitary gland. During 1917-9 he was director of a U.S. base hospital attached to the B.E.F. in France. In 1918 he was made senior consultant in neurological surgery for the A.E.F. He held the rank of colonel in the Medical Corps of the U.S. army.
CUST, HENRY JOHN COCKAYNE (1861-1917), English journalist, was born in London Oct. 10 1861. Educated at Eton and Trinity College, Cambridge, he entered the House of Commons as Unionist member for Stamford in 1890, but lost the seat in 1895. He was returned for Bermondsey in 1900 and sat till 1906. In 1892 Mr. (afterwards Lord) Astor made him editor of the Pall Mall Gazette, and for four years he held that post with distinction, gathering round him a brilliant staff (see 19.561). In politics and society his personal charm and esprit always gave promise of more than he ever achieved in the way of public life. But in Aug. 1914, at the outbreak of the World War, he founded the Central Committee for National Patriotic Organizations, and a Cust annual lecture " on some important current topic relating to the British Empire " was endowed in Nottingham University to commemorate his work. His Occasional Poems appeared in 1918, printed in Jerusalem. He was heir to the barony of Brownlow, a position which at his death fell to his brother, Adelbert Salusbury Cust (b. 1867). He died in London March 2 1917.
CYTOLOGY (see 7.710). The effect of the work done in cytology up to 1910 may be summarized as follows.
The bodies of animals and plants are made up of units termed cells, which may be compared to the bricks in a brick wall. Each cell
