Montessori bases her method of auto-education, and the second volume fully describes in detail the educational material for the older children. The form of the advanced apparatus is such that the children who have passed beyond infant school age are provided with material which continues to perfect the muscular control achieved in a previous stage, while at the same time the way in which the material is used tends to strengthen those attributes of character which are the tests of educational values. By means of the objects provided for the child between the ages of 7 and 1 1 he becomes possessed of considerable mental acquire- ments, notably in the comprehensive intellectual fields of math- ematics and language. The arrangements of artistically coloured beads which are used by the child for his progress in arithmetic, the ingenious geometrical forms which render geometry no longer a tedious abstraction, but a fascinating reality, the system of small attractive cards handled by the children in their study of grammar, all form a far more potent incentive to work and per- sistent effort than any exhortation or command of the teacher.
" Montessori Societies " have, since 1912, come into existence in London, New York, and elsewhere, for dissemination of the ideas of the system and promoting its training courses.
The Special Report (1912) by Mr. E. G. A. Holmes to the Board of Education in England contains a critical examination of the Montessori methods. See also Dr. Montessori's first book on The Montessori Method (Eng. trans, by Anne E. George, 1912), in addition to her later books mentioned above. (H. CH.)
MONTREAL (see 18.790), the commercial metropolis and the largest city of the Dominion of Canada, had a pop. in the autumn of 1920 estimated at 802,000. The local trading area, including adjoining towns on the island of Montreal and those settlements on the mainland which lie immediately opposite the city, contained in 1920 a pop. of 1,100,000. The port of Montreal is the second largest in America, being surpassed only by New York. Over 25% of Canada's export trade passes through Montreal. The harbour has eight m. of deep water (25-35 ft.) and wharfage with berths for 125 vessels on a 10 m. front. In 1921 a costly scheme for the further improvement of the harbour, including the electrification of the entire water-front, was under way. In 1919 8,280 vessels with a total tonnage of 6,537,014 entered the port. Merchandise to the value of $353,138,249 was exported, and imports amounted to $246,898,626 in the same period. The largest flour-mill in the British Empire, with a capacity of 6,000 bbl. in 24 hours, is located here. The bank clearings amounted in 1920 to $7,109,189,038, the highest in Canada. Taxable property was valued in 1918 at $623,820,958, and property exempt from taxation at $226,934,131. The Montreal Chambers of Commerce had 3,500 membeif in 1920. Montreal is far ahead of other Canadian cities in the use of electric power in industry.
The form of municipal government underwent several altera- tions in the decade following 1911, and eventually the control of municipal affairs was placed in the hands of an administrative commission of four, appointed by the Provincial Government.
The construction of a tunnel under Mt. Royal and the centre of the city by the Canadian Northern Railway Co. was an important engineering feat completed in 1918. The company built an imposing ne.v terminal station in the centre of the city at the tunnel head, supplanting its old Moreau Street station. Electric trains run- ning through the tunnel to the north-western side of Mt. Royal caused the growth of a new suburb on that side of the mountain.
Important educational buildings erected since 1911 include the McGill Medical Building, a magnificent structure that replaced the building destroyed by fire in 1907, the Macdonald Engineering BmlJing of McGill University, a large and finely equipped technical school in connexion with Laval University, a new high school erected by the Protestant Board of School Commissioners, and a fine pile of buildings to house Loyola College, a Jesuit school of high standing.
McGill University, benefiting by gifts from its great benefactor, Sir William Macdonald, was able to develop further its faculty of music, to found new degrees in law, commerce and household science, and to further extend some of its departments. A school of physical training was opened in connexion with the university, and a depart- ment of social service was inaugurated. The McGill Stadium, one of the finest athletic amphitheatres in North America, was opened in 1918. After the death of Sir William Macdonald in 1919 provision was made for the further endowment of Macdonald College at Ste. Anne de Bellevue, the faculty of agriculture of McGill. Sir William Peterson, the principal of McGill for many years, retired in 1919 owing to ill-health. Under his guidance the university had risen from a local institution to one of the foremost seats of learning in the Brit- ish Empire. His influence was a chief factor in McGill's war effort, which included the extension of the old Officers' Training Corps, and the raising of a number of infantry companies, an artillery unit, etc. He died in London in 1920, his successor (after Sir Auckland Geddes, who had originally accepted the position, had been appointed British ambassador in Washington) being Sir Arthur Currie, com- mander-in^hief of the Canadian forces in the World War. A cam- paign to raise $5,000,000 for the university was organized and carried successfully to completion in the summer of 1920.
The administrative buildings of the Montreal branch of Laval University were destroyed by a. disastrous fire in the autumn of 1919. A movement that had been gaining strength for some years to sepa- rate the Montreal branch from Laval University at Quebec, now found culmination, and the university of Montreal was founded, the buildings of the old branch of Laval being taken over by the 'new institution. A number of new courses were added, including social and political science, and the faculty of applied science was further developed. Considerably over $3,000,000 was raised by public sub- scription as a building fund, and in 1921 negotiations were under way for securing land for new administrative buildings, etc.
The growth of the Jewish pop. of Montreal during the 15 years preceding 1921 has been a notable feature. In 1920 there were estimated to be about 75,000 Jews in the city. A scheme for the foundation of a Jewish university was under consideration.
MONYPENNY, WILLIAM FLAVELLE (1866-1912), British journalist, was born in Ulster Aug. 7 1866. Educated at Trinity College, Dublin, and Balliol College, Oxford, in 1893 he joined the editorial staff of The Times, and early in 1899 became editor of the Johannesburg Star in the Transvaal. He played a useful part, as a publicist, on the side of the Reform party there, and when war came he joined the Imperial Light Horse and was one of the defenders of Ladysmith. Returning afterwards to his position on the Star, he did much to promote Lord Milner's work of reconstruction, but resigned in 1903 owing to his hostility to the introduction of Chinese labour into the mines. He was then entrusted by The Times with the task of writing the official biography of Disraeli, and also did other work for that paper, becoming in 1908 a director of the company. Owing to ill-health the first volume of the Life of Bcaconsfield (ultimately extending to six volumes) did not appear until 1910, and the second shortly before his death. It was completed by Mr. G. E. Buckle, formerly editor of The Times. Monypenny died in the New Forest Nov. 23 1912.
MOODY, WILLIAM VAUGHN (1869-1910), American poet and playwright, was born at Spencer, Ind., July 8 1869. He was educated at Harvard (A.B. 1893; A.M. 1894) and was assistant in English there 1894-5. From 1895 to 1907 he was at the university of Chicago as instructor and, after 1901, as assistant professor. He died at Colorado Springs Oct. 17 1910. He was the author of The Masque of Judgment (1900); Poems (1901); The Fire-Bringer (1904, intended as the first member of a trilogy on the Promethean theme, of which The Masque of Judgment, already published, was the second member); The Great Divide (1907) and The Faith Healer (1909). Of these the last two were prose dramas and were very successful on the stage, especially the first. -He compiled (with Robert M. Lovett) A First View of English and American Literature (1902), and edited The Complete Poetical Works of John Milton (1899, Cambridge ed.) and (with George Cabot Lodge and John Ellerton Lodge) The Poems of Trumbull Stickney (1905).
His complete works, including The Death of Eve, a fragment of the third member of the proposed trilogy mentioned above, were edited with an admirable introduction by Prof. John M. Manly (1912).
See also Daniel Gregory Mason, Some Letters of William Vaughn Moody (1913).
MOORE, GEORGE (1853- ), Irish writer (see 18.808), broke fresh ground in 1916 with The Brook Kerith, a work of fiction based on the Gospel story. He had professedly taken leave of literature in three remarkable volumes of quasi-reminiscences, entitled Ave (1911), Salve (1912) and Vale (1914). Later he produced two privately printed volumes-de-luxe, Avowals (1918) and A Story Teller's Holiday (1920), and retold the story of Abelard and Hclo'ise (1921).
MOORE, THOMAS STURGE (1870- ), English poet, art critic and engraver, was born at Hastings, Sussex, March 4 1870.
