existing evening newspapers, was absorbed by the Pall Mall Gazette, which last now appears as the Pall Mall and Globe. In Nov. 1921 the evening Westminster Gazette was transformed into a morning Liberal paper, with Mr. J. A. Spender still as its editor, the former green paper being changed to white.
The Morning Post subsequently to 1911 was edited by Mr. H. A. Gwynne (who had been editor of the Standard from 1905 until that date), in succession to Mr. (afterwards Maj.-Gen. Sir) Fabian Ware, who had been in charge since 1905.
Mr. George Earle Buckle (b. 1854) resigned the editorship of The Times in 1912, when he was replaced by Mr. Geoffrey Robinson (afterwards Dawson ; b. 1874), a fellow of All Souls', Oxford, who had joined the staff a year or so before, after having been editor of the Johannesburg Star in S. Africa, where he had originally gone in 1901 as private secretary to Lord Milner. Mr. Dawson resigned in Feb. 1919, and was succeeded by Mr. H. Wickham Steed, who had been a foreign correspondent of the paper since 1896 and had been foreign editor since 1914. In 1920 Sir Campbell Stuart, K.B.E., who had been second-in-command to Viscount Northcliffe in the Department of Enemy Propaganda, was appointed deputy-chair- man and chief manager. Death claimed two valued contributors to the paper: Sir Donald Mackenzie Wallace (d. 1919), who, after acting as correspondent in Russia, Turkey and Egypt, was director of the foreign department from 1891 to 1899; and James DaviJ Bourchier, who had represented the paper in the Near East. The Times now publishes weekly an Imperial and Foreign Trade Sup- plement, and a similar publication monthly in Spanish. It has brought out " The Times History of the War," a new Times Atlas, and " The Times Documentary History of the War."
In 1912 the Morning Leader, founded in 1902, was incorporated with the Daily News (which owns the Star), and various changes were made in the board of directors. Mr. A. G. Gardiner retained the editorship which he had held since 1902, but he resigned in Sept. 1919. His successor was Mr. Stuart Hodgson, who had been assistant-editor of the Morning Leader and had transferred his services to the Daily News.
The Daily Telegraph suffered fewer changes than most London papers. After the death of the first Lord Burnham (1833-1916), his son, the second Baron and first Viscount, who had assisted his father in the general control of the paper, assumed complete control. The veteran managing editor, Mr. John Merry le Sage (b. 1837), was knighted in 1918.
The Daily Chronicle, together with Lloyd's Sunday News, was sold in 1918 to a syndicate, the United Newspapers (1918) Ltd., headed by Sir Henry Dalzicl, Bart. The change in proprietorship caused no change in the policy of the paper, but its attitude was broadened so as to appeal to all sections of the Liberal party. On the sale of the paper, Mr. Robert Donald retired from the editor- ship, and was succeeded by Mr. Ernest Alfred Ferris, who had been long associated with the paper. Lloyd's Sunday News in 1919 came under the editorship of Mr. W. S. Robinson.
In the case of the Morning Advertiser, Mr. H. C. Byssche suc- ceeded to the editorship in 1911.
In 1019 a controlling interest was purchased by Messrs. William E. & J. Gomer Berry in the Daily Graphic, the weekly Graphic (editor, Mr. J. M. Bulloch), and the Bystander (editor, Mr. A. Spenser Allberry). The same firm in 1915 acquired the control of the Sunday Times (editor, Mr. Leonard Rees).
The Daily Express, founded in 1900 by a company of which Mr. (afterwards Sir Arthur) Pearson was chairman, was taken over in 1913 by a new company in which the principal shareholders were Lord Beaverbrook, Lord Faringdon, and Mr. R. D. Blumen- feld, who had been editor since 1904.
The Daily Mirror, founded by Viscount Northcliffe in 1903, was purchased 1 1 years later by his brother, Viscount Rothermere, who on March 14 1915 started the Sunday Pictorial, which marked a new departure in journalism, being the first Sunday picture- paper. Viscount Rothermere also obtained control of the Leeds Mercury, the Glasgow Daily Mail, the Glasgow Sunday Mail and the Glasgow Weekly Record.
Messrs. E. Hulton & Co., Ltd., of which the chairman was Sir Edward Hulton and the 1 managing director Mr. James Heddle, was the first firm from the provinces to compete with the London daily illustrated newspapers through the Daily Sketch. In 1915 the same firm founded the Illustrated Sunday Herald. It owns in the provinces the Daily Despatch and the daily Sporting Chronicle, and two Sunday papers, the Sunday Chronicle and the Empire News (formerly the Umpire). This firm also acquired the London Evening Standard, which was until Jan. 1920 edited by Mr. A. H. Mann, who then resigned to take up the editorship of the Yorkshire Post. Mr. Heddle subsequently acted as editor-in-chief.
The Pall Mall Gazette was sold in 1915 by Major (afterwards the second Lord) Astor to Sir Davidson Dalziel, from whom Sir Henry Dalziel purchased it two years later. In 1920 the last pro- prietor transferred the major part of his shares to the Hon. Morton Weir, son of Lord Inverforth. In Feb. 1921 the Globe was amalga- mated with it, and later in the year the proprietorship passed into the hands of Sir John Leigh, Bart. In 1912 Mr. Higginbottom, who had been editor since 1909, was succeeded by Mr. J. L. Gar- vin, and in 1915 by Mr. D. M. Sutherland.
As regards Sunday papers published in London, reference has already been made to the Sunday Times, the Sunday Pictorial, and Illustrated Sunday Herald. The Observer continued to be edited by Mr. J. L. Garvin, but in 1911 it was acquired by the first Lord Astor, and it passed on his death to his son. The Sunday Express was founded by Lord Beaverbrook, a principal shareholder in the Daily Express, and the first number appeared on Dec. 29 1918. It was edited by Capt. Bird until March 1920, when he was replaced by Mr. James Douglas, formerly editor of the Star. The National News was founded in 1917, and purchased by Odham's Press, Ltd. In 1921 it was transferred to a syndicate, Sunday Publications, Ltd., the head of which was Mr. Horatio Bottomley, M.P., the founder and editor of John Bull, who also founded the Sunday Illustrated in July 1921.
The Sunday Evening Telegram, the only Sunday evening paper, was started during the war by Sir Henry Dalziel, and purchased by Odham's Press, Ltd., in Oct. 1919. In 1921 it was transferred to the Sunday Publications, Ltd. These last two papers were edited, under Mr. Bottomley, by G. C. H. Read.
During recent years a Labour press has come into prominence. The Daily Herald was started in IQII by Mr. T. E. Naylor and members of the London Society of Compositors, who were then on strike and set up their own paper as a means of getting their case stated in a way in which they believed they could not get it stated in the general press. Its total capital was about 2,000. When the strike was over it attempted to develop itself from a strike sheet into an ordinary daily paper, with a strong political programme of what was then the extreme Left. Presently Messrs. George Lansbury, Ben Tillett, and others became directors, but it never secured a very large circulation, and in the autumn of 1914 it was changed into a weekly paper, under the editorship of Mr. George Lansbury. It was revived as a daily paper in March 1919, Mr. Lansbury remaining editor, Mr. Gerald Gould, well known as a poet, being associate-editor. Considerable sums of money were raised as debentures from the trade-union movement, and a trade- union committee, a purely advisory body, was appointed. In 1920 an outcry concerning the proposed acceptance of money from a Bolshevik source resulted in the retirement from the directorate of Mr. Francis Meynell. The Daily C.tizen appeared in Nov. 1912, and continued until June 1915, when it ceased publication for financial reasons. Mr. Frank Dilnot was the editor, and there was a controlling board, on which were Messrs. Arthur Henderson, Ramsay MacDonald, W. C. Anderson and other official representa- tives of the Labour party, of which it was the official organ. The paper was financed by the trade unions.
There have been numerous weekly and monthly Labour papers, amongst which may be mentioned the Labour Leader, the official organ of the Independent Labour party, and the Communist (edited by Mr. Francis Meynell), the official organ of the new Communist party of Great Britain.
In the weekly periodicals there have been comparatively few changes. The Saturday Review changed hands in 1917, when Mr. A. A. Baumann (at one time a London M.P.) succeeded Mr. Harold Hodge as editor, and directed it until the spring of 1921, when he retired. The paper was then purchased by Sir Edward Mackay Edgar, and Mr. Sidney Brooks was appointed editor, but later in the year various improvements were made and Mr. Filson Young became editor, with Mr. Hartley Withers (previously ed- itor of the Economist) as financial editor. The old-established A tlienaeum ceased to appear as a separate publication in 1921, when it was amalgamated with The Nation. Newer papers that have appeared are the New Witness, founded in 1912, and edited by Mr. Cecil E. Chesterton until his death in 1919, when his brother, Mr. Gilbert Keith Chesterton, took his place. The Review ef the Foreign Press is the continuation as a private enterprise of a paper founded and issued by the General Staff of the War Office during the war. It was still edited in 1921 by Capt. W. E. Barber, who was mainly responsible for it since its inception. Among illustrated weekly papers Black and White has ceased to appear; Mr. Clement Shorter in 1921 still edited the Sphere, but he had retired from the editorial chair of the Taller, where he was succeeded by Mr. Huskis- son. Several women's papers have appeared, including Vogue, Femina (edited by Lady Diana Cooper), and " The Times Woman's Supplement." In 1921 the last-named and the Lady's Pictorial were incorporated with Eve (published by the Sphere and Taller, Ltd.), edited by Mr. Huskisson. T.he monthly Englishwoman ceased to appear in 1921. The improvement in the illustrations in the higher type of weekly has been very marked. Several of these papers now present illustrations in colour.
The industrial press has vastly increased in numbers, especially publications concerning the motor, wireless, cinematograph, and aerial trades.
(2) IRELAND. In Dublin the Irish Times, with the Evening Irish Times and its subsidiary publications show no special changes as Unionist organs since 1907, when Mr. W. Algernon Locker, the editor, resigned and Mr. J. E. Healy was appointed editor. The Daily Express and the Evening Mail, on the death of the proprietor, Lord Ardilaun, were sold to Mr. H. L. Tivy of Cork in Feb. 1915, and Mr. H. S. Doig continued to act as editor until 1919, when he went to the management department of the Freeman's Journal.
