and extensive coral flats. These new structures would rest uncom- fortably upon eroded formations and this, Wayland Vaughan points out, is what we actually observe in the case of living and fossil coral reefs. In so far as it depends on solution of calcareous rock the Semper-Murray theory of coral reefs is unsatisfactory.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Books: Sir J. Murray, The Ocean (1913); The Science of the Sea (1912); H. R. Mill, The Realm of Nature (1913); Jenkins, Oceanography (1921); J. Johnstone, Conditions of Life in the Sea (1908); Murray and Hjort, Depths of the Ocean (1912); J. Y. Buchanan, Camples Rendus and Accounts Rendered (1918 and 1920). Special Papers: Rolf Witting, "Die Meeresoberflache," in Fonnia, vol. xxxix., No. 5 (Helsingfors 1918), noticed in Nature Aug. 21 1919, deals with the problem of mean sea-level ; Svenska Hydrog. Biolog. Kommission Skrifter, No. 5 (Copenhagen 1914); H. and O. Pettersson's papers on tide-generating force are pub- lished in Publications de Circonstance, Conseil Internal, pour ['Ex- ploration de la Mer, No. 65 (1913); Meddelelser f. Kommissioner f. Havundersogelser, Serie Hydrografi (Copenhagen 1904-20), contain important papers; the publications of the university of California (Zoology) deal with the work of the Scripps Inst. for Marine Biology. Recent papers on coral reefs are published in the Annual Report of the Smithsonian Institution, 1917 ; and F. W. Clark, Data of Geochem- istry, Bulletin No. 693, U.S. Geological Survey (ed. 4, 1920), gives numerous references. (J. J.)
OCHS, ADOLPH S. (1858- ), American newspaper proprietor, was born in Cincinnati March 12 1858,0! Jewish parentage. His father, who had left Bavaria for the United States in 1846, settled in 1865 with his family in Knoxville, Tenn., where the son studied in the public schools and during his spare time delivered newspapers. At the age of 15 he became a printer's devil on a Knoxville paper, and advanced so rapidly that in 1878 he gained control of the reorganized Chattanooga Times, which soon assumed a high position among the papers of the South. The following year he founded a commercial paper called The Tradesman. He was one of the founders of the Southern Asso- ciated Press and served as president. In 1896 he obtained con- trol of The New York Times, then in financial difficulties and with circulation greatly diminished. He formed the New York Times Co., placed the paper on a strong financial foundation, and became the majority stockholder. With a daily issue on Aug. 18 1896 of 18,900 (of which over half was returned unsold), the circulation increased rapidly, reaching an average of 352,500 in 1921. An- nual receipts exceeded $15,000,000, probably equalling those of any other American paper. On Aug. 18 1921, the 25th anniversary of reorganization, the staff of The New York Times numbered 1,885. It was classed as an independent Democratic publication, and consistently opposed William Jennings Bryan in his presi- dential campaigns. By its fairness in the presentation of news, editorial moderation and ample foreign service, it secured a high place in American journalism, becoming widely read and influential throughout the country. Beginning with 1896 there was issued weekly a supplement eventually called The New York Times Book Review and Magazine. Gradually other auxiliary publications were added: The Annalist, a financial review ap- pearing on Mondays; The Times M id-Week Pictorial on Thurs- days; Current History Magazine, a monthly, started during the World War. The New York Times Index, started in 1913 and published quarterly, forms an invaluable guile to contemporary events, to be compared only with the similar Index to The Times of London. In 1901 Mr. Ochs became proprietor and editor of the Philadelphia Times, later merged in the Philadelphia Public Ledger, of which he was sole owner from 1902-12, when he sold it to Cyrus W. K. Curtis.
DOLING, WILLIAM (1829-1921), English chemist, was born in Southwark Sept. 5 1829, the son of George Odling, surgeon. He became a medical student at Guy's Hospital, and graduated M.B. of London University in 1851. He next went to Paris, where he studied chemistry under Gerhardt, and on his return to London he was appointed director of the chemical laboratory at Guy's Hospital. In 1859 he became F.R.C.P., and in 1863 lecturer on chemistry at St. Bartholomew's Hospital. In 1868 he succeeded Faraday as Fullerian professor of chemistry at the Royal Institution, and in 1872 he was elected, in succession to Sir Benjamin Brodie, Waynflete professor of chemistry at Ox- ford, a chair he occupied for 40 years. He was successively fel- low, secretary and president of the Chemical Society and was elected F.R.S. in 1859. His published works include a Manual of Chemistry (1861); Lectures on Animal Chemistry (1866); Outlines of Chemistry (1869); Chemistry (1884), etc. He died at Oxford Feb. 17 1921.
OHIO (see 20.25). In 1920 Ohio still held the fourth place among the states of the American Union, with a pop. of 5,759,394, an increase of 992,279 or 20-8% for the decade 1910-20. This was the largest rate of increase since the Civil War. The density of pop. rose from 102-1 per sq. m. in 1900, to 117 in 1910, and 141-4 in 1920. There was a marked increase in the negro pop. of the cities by migration from the far South, and of the foreign element from other states and from abroad. More significant was the drift from rural districts to cities. In 1900 the urban pop. in cities and incorporated villages of 2,500 inhabitants or more formed 48-1% of the total, in 1910 55-9% and in 1920 63-8 per cent. Virtually two-thirds of the people of Ohio in 1920 lived in urban communities. The largest change was in the strictly rural, that is, unincorporated territory. Each successive decade since 1900 has shown an absolute decline in the rural population. The number of cities containing more than 25,000 inhabitants in- creased (1910-20) from 14 to 22, of those of more than 100,000 from five to seven.
The following table shows the pop. and percentages of increase of all cities of over 30,000 inhabitants :
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1920
1910
Increase Per cent
Akron
208,435
69,067
201-8
Canton .
87,091
50,217
73-4
Cincinnati
401,247
363,591
10-4
Cleveland
796,841
560,663
42-1
Columbus
237-031
181,511
30-6
Dayton .
152,559
n6,577
30-9
Hamilton
39,675
35,279
12-5
Lakewood
41-732
15,181
174-9
Lima
41-326
30,508
35-5
Lorain
37,295
28,883
29-1
Portsmouth
33,oii
23,481
40-6
Springfield Toledo .
60,840 243,164
46,921 168,497
29-7 44-3
Youngstown
132,358
79,066
67-4
The largest increase was in the cities forming a belt about Cleve- land. Except in the case of Akron, none of the cities having more than 100,000 inhabitants increased at as high a rate during the decade 1910-20 as during the preceding one.
Communications. A flood in 1913 (see History, below) wrecked the two principal canals, the Miami and Erie from Cincinnati to Toledo and the Ohio and Erie from Portsmouth on the Ohio river to Cleveland. Though they have not been restored and are not likely to be in the near future, the state derives a larger income from land rentals on the old right of way and the sale of water rights from the fragments of the old system than it did from the canals when they were in full operation. In fact the state is receiving (1921) a fair return on the capital invested. In recent years the lower part of the Muskingum river and that part of the Ohio bordering the state has been canalized. The chief development in transportation has been the expansion of interurban traction service and the establish- ment of motor-truck lines. In 1919 there were 4,223 m. of electric railway; only New York and Pennsylvania had more. In steam- railway mileage there was no significant change between 1900 and 1920. In order to meet the demand of the motor-car for improved roads large state expenditures have been made. During 1918 only three states, Iowa, New York and Pennsylvania, spent a larger sum on improving roads; only four, California, New York, Pennsylvania and Iowa, had spent more during the period of statehood. As a result at that time 31,800 m. or 36-8% of the rural public roads had been surfaced. No state had so large a total of surfaced mileage.
Agriculture. The total value of all farm property in 1920 was $3,095,666,336, as against $1,902,694,589 in 1910, an increase of 62-7 percent. The total for 1920 included land and buildings, $2,661,- 435,949; implements and machinery, $146,575,269; and live stock, $287,655,1 18. There had been slight change in 10 or even 20 years in the proportion of farms cultivated by owners and by tenants ; about 70 % are worked by the owners or part-owners ; 63 % contain less than 100 acres, 99 % less than 500 acres. The size of the average farm is about 80 acres.
The statistics of Ohio crops in 1920 showed an increased productivity of farm land. Corn and oats are the only grains which show a decline in the total output. In 1918 Ohio was the fourth state in the production of hay and tobacco, fifth in the production of corn and oats, and sixth in wheat. Ohio also ranks high in the quantity of its dairy products, the value of which was $81,148,586, an increase of 184% over 1909.
The following table shows the quantity and value of Ohio's agricultural products according to U.S. census of 1920:
