increased from 23-9 per sq. m. to 29-2. Indians decreased from 74,825 to 57.337- Negroes increased from 137,612 to 149,408. The pop. in 1920 of the larger cities of the state was:-
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Oklahoma City
Tulsa .
Muskogee
Okmulgee
Enid
Shawnee
1919
1914
2,445
2,518
2,320
2,464
6,491
2,793
29,503
17,443
$277,034,3 1 8
$ 65,477,654
11,961,191
3,202,332
35,025,942
11,011,043
312,605,829
70,969,750
401,362,869
102,005,693
88,757,040
31,035,943
91,295 Bartlesville . I4>4 ! 7
72,075 Ardmore . 14,181
30,277 McAlester . 12,095
17,430 Guthrie. . n,757
16,576 Sapulpa. . 11,634
15,348 Chickasha . 10,179
Industries. The most interesting fact in connexion with the state between 1910 and 1920 was the development in the production of oil and gas. In 1920 there were 25,000 wells producing either oil or
is or both, and 36 counties were classed as oil and gas producers, ulsa is the centre of the oil and gas area of the state. Its pop. in- creased from 18,000 in 1910 to 72,075 in 1920. The production of oil increased from 52,028,700 barrels of crude oil in 1910 to 103,087,- 420 barrels in 1920, and its value from $19,227,000 in 1910 to $347,- 355,445 in 1920. In 1920 Oklahoma produced 3,900,000 tons of coal, 70,000,000,000 cub. ft. of gas, 130,950,500 Ib. of lead, 6,275,560,500 Ib. of zinc, and 125,500 tons of gypsum. The total value of Okla- homa's mineral products increased from 33,000,000 in 1910 to $400,- 000,000 in 1920. Of almost equal importance was the increase in the value of agricultural products. In 1909 the total value of all crops was $131,522,220, in 1919 it was $549,249,277; but, due to the drop in prices, in 1920 the total value was only $294,715,000. Corn, cot- ton, live stock and wheat are the most important farm products. The growth of manufacturing also has been large. The chief indus- tries are the manufacture of flour and meal, smelting, oil-refining, and meat-packing. The following table prepared by the U.S. Census Bureau gives a comparative summary for 1914 and 1919:
Number of establishments .
Proprietors and firm members
Salaried employees
Wage-earners
Capital
Salaries
Wages
Cost of materials
Value of products
Value added by manufacture
Education. During the decade 1910-20 great progress was made in education. The public schools employed 8,315 teachers in 1910 and 15,711 in 1920. The number of teachers holding first-grade certificates increased from 2,095 to 9,906. The enrolment of pupils in 1910 was 415,116, in 1920 it was 589,282. The number of grad- uates from the eighth grade increased from 3,725 in 1911 to II, 465 in 1920. The number of accredited four-year high schools increased from 29 in 1912 to 269 in 1920. The total expenditures for public schools in 1910 were $8,600,450.32 as against $22,826,947.57 in 1920. Similar growth has been shown in the higher educational institutions supported by the state. The six state normal schools, the Agricul- ture and Mechanical College and the secondary agricultural schools, as well as other state secondary schools, have made progress. The university of Oklahoma, which in 1907-8 had 40 instructors and 790 students, had in 1920-1, 215 instructors and 3,965 students, inclusive of the summer session, but exclusive of correspondence and extension work. In 1916 the Industrial Institute at Chickasha was reorganized and renamed the Oklahoma College for Women ; it is the only school maintained by the state that is not coeducational. The following colleges are maintained by their respective churches: Kingfisher College, Kingfisher (Congregational); Oklahoma City College, Oklahoma City (successor to Epworth; Methodist Episcopal)- university of Tulsa, Tulsa (Presbyterian; formerly Henry Kendall College); Phillips University, Enid (Christian) ; Oklahoma Baptist University, Shawnee (Baptist) ; Oklahoma Catholic University Shawnee (Roman Catholic). The following junior colleges are main- tained by church interests: Oklahoma Catholic College for Women Guthrie; Oklahoma Nazarene College, Bethany; Oklahoma Pres- byterian College for Girls, Durant.
History. In 1910 the state capitol was moved from Guthrie to Oklahoma City. In 1913 an effort to move it back to Guthrie was defeated by popular vote. The state adopted in 1910 an election law designed to keep negroes from voting. This law contained the " Grandfather Clause," but was declared uncon- stitutional by the U.S. Supreme Court in 1915. In 1918 an amend- ment to the constitution was adopted granting equal suffrage to women. The state steadily maintained a law guaranteeing depositors in state banks against loss. This law has been so far successful that not a single depositor has met loss through the failure of a state bank. At the time of its admission in 1907 Oklahoma contained more than one-third of the Indian popula- tion of the United States. These Indians came from numerous tribes that had been moved to Oklahoma in the igth century. The
absorption of the Indians into the general body of citizens has gone on increasingly since 1910. The Indians of Oklahoma had by 1920 practically no separate history, and such tribal organiza- tions as were maintained were not for governmental purposes but were business corporations for the control of tribal property. The great mineral wealth of Oklahoma has made many of the Indians extremely wealthy. The Osage tribe in particular con- tinued to hold much of its land as tribal property, and its mem- bers receive very large royalties. This was not true of certain other tribes, as the lands assigned to them are valuable only for grazing purposes, and the individual allotments under such circumstances bring small incomes.
The governors of Oklahoma after 1910 were: Lee Cruce (Dem.) 1911-5; Robert L. Williams (Dem.) 1915-9; James Brooks Ayres Robertson (Dem.) 1919- .
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Recent works on the history of Oklahoma include the following: Joseph B. Thoburn, The Standard History of Okla- homa (1916) ; Roy Gittinger, The Formation of the State of Oklahoma (1917); John Alley and Frederick F. Blachly, Elements of Govern- ment with History and Government of Oklahoma (1920). For statistics see Bulletins of the Oklahoma Geological Survey (Norman 1911); Annual Reports of the State Board of Agriculture; and Biennial Reports of the State Superintendent of Public Instruction. (R. Gi.)
OKUMA (SHIGENOBU), MARQUESS (1838-1922), Japanese statesman (see 20.61). In the spring of 1914, the old statesman emerged, at the age of 76, from his retirement at the special behest of the Throne, to take up once again the reins of Government, as, owing to some unfortunate scandals arising out of a contract for a battleship, public confidence in Government probity had received a severe shock. The veteran guided the country safely through the opening months of the World War. In Dec. 1914, the Government suffered a defeat on the army estimates and the Diet was dissolved. Count Okuma himself conducted a vigorous election campaign, which resulted in a great triumph for the Government at the general election in March 1915. Charges of bribery at the elections were later brought against the Home Minister, Visct. Oura, with the result that a Cabinet crisis arose, and Count Okuma resigned on July 30. He was pressed to remain in office, however, and, finally consenting, constituted a new Cabinet on Aug. 10, temporarily taking over the portfolio for Foreign Affairs until this was accepted by Baron (afterward Visct.) Ishii. During 1916, treaties were concluded with France, Russia and China. On Oct. 3 1916, Count Okuma announced his intention to retire, owing to his failing health; and on Oct. 9, Marshal Terauchi formed a new Ministry. Previous to his resignation the Count received a marquessate, in recognition of his eminent services to the State, since the restoration, as a Genro or elder statesman. He died at Tokyo Jan. 10 1922.
OLLIVIER, OLIVIER EMILE (1825-1913), French statesman (see 20.89), died at St. Gervais-les-Bains (Savoy) Aug. 30 1913.
OLNEY, RICHARD (1835-1917), American statesman (see 20.91), died in Boston, Mass., April 8 1917. Because of his age he declined, in 1913, President Wilson's offer of the ambassador- ship to Great Britain, and likewise in 1914 that of the governor- ship of the Federal Reserve Board. In 1915 he was a member of the International Commission created under the treaty between the United States and France, " looking to the advancement of the cause of general peace."
O'NEILL, NORMAN (1875- ), British musical composer, was born in London March 14 1875. He was educated in London and afterwards at Frankfort-on-Main. His compositions include songs and chamber music; much incidental music including that to Hamlet (1904); A Lonely Queen, A Tragedy of Truth (1906); an overture In Spring Time (Birmingham Festival 1906); The Last Heir (1908); King Lear (1909); The Blue Bird (1909); The Golden Doom (1912); The Pretenders (1912) and Mary Rose (1920). In addition to music for the theatre O'Neill wrote the overtures In Autumn, In Spring Time, Hamlet, a series of Miniatures for small orchestra and another for a large orchestra; a piano quintet, two piano trios, a Scotch rhapsody for orchestra; the ballad, for baritone solo and orchestra, La Belle Dame sans Merci and much instrumental music in the smaller forms. He edited A Golden Treasury of Song, and the Ethical Hymn Book.
