in high school. The largest city, Portland, leads all cities of the nation with 3-6% of its pop. in high school.
History. The percentage of Oregon's contributions of men to the World War without awaiting the operation of the selective service law was the highest among the states. The ratio of its enlistments to the first gross quota was 157-84 per cent.
During 1910-20, recourse was freely had to the " Oregon System " of direct legislation to enact projects of constitutional amendment and statutory law. A total of 174 proposals was sub- mitted to the people through initiative petition, referendum pe- tition or by vote of the Legislature and 73 were approved.
The people of Oregon by this procedure established prohibition, woman suffrage and the rural credit system. Citizenship qualification for the franchise, the right to veto single items in appropriation bills, the abolition of the poll tax, classification of property for taxation, and state-wide limitation of the rate of increase of taxation and indebtedness were also thus enacted. But the most striking achieve- ment through this procedure by popular vote was the regular and liberal support of institutions of higher education as well as of the public schools in the form of continuing state mi!lage taxes. These were granted by an overwhelming majority vote of the people. There has been a change in the attitude of the people with respect to direct legislation ; a project submitted by vote of the Legislative Assembly has fared better in recent years than one submitted by initiative peti- tion. Clearly demonstrated advisability is .required to secure the approval of an initiated project, whereas originally there was a prej- udice in favour of such a measure. Probably the most important new departure has been the liberal authorization of the use of the public credit, both state and county, for road-building, of the credit of port districts for harbour improvement, and of the credit of irri- gation and drainage districts and of deforested land districts for reclamation. Additional legislation included the establishment of the minimum wage, workmen's compensation, " blue sky law," licensing sales of corporation securities, and widow pensioning.
While three-fifths of the voters usually vote with the Republi- can party, so that as a rule only 10 or 12 Democrats are elected to any Legislative Assembly, the representative leaders of the Oregon public during i9io-;2o were two Democrats, George E. Chamberlain as U.S. senator and Oswald West as governor. Mr. Chamberlain was promoted from the governorship to the Senate; and in the Senate he was distinguished for his independence, especially during the war as chairman of the Senate Committee on Military Affairs. Oswald West, as governor (191 1-5), deserves high credit for leadership in achieving much of the progressive legislation enacted during this period, and for his administration of the state penitentiary and the selection of those placed in charge of other state institutions; also for his application of the honour system among convicts and his insistence on a regimen of industry and cleanliness in the Oregon penitentiary.
During the decade 1910-20 the people of Oregon began to demand more active progress in their state government. While there had been before 1910 a half-hearted venture in railway regulation, later repudiated, and institutions of higher education had been receiving meagre support for some decades, the spirit of the constitution of 1857 was still dominant. That document had been drafted by men with whom the disastrous experiences of the Mississippi valley states in canal and railway building with borrowed money were fresh in mind. In recent years, however, the desire of an early reali- zation in Oregon of an adequate highway system, and the assured prospect of regular revenues from automobile licences, led to the authorization in 1917 of a state bond issue for the building of a state highway system. The limit then fixed was 2 % of the assessed valua- tion. This limit was raised in 1920 to 4 % for the state. With the bonds voted by the Legislature at the 1921 session this limit was reached. The counties are authorized to borrow up to 6 % of assessed valuation to secure funds for highway improvement. Oregon's con- tribution to the U. S. forces in the World War was 41,671 officers and men, and the amount raised in Liberty and Victory loans $28,409,350.
The recent governors were: Oswald West (Dem.) 1911-5; James Withycombe (Rep.) 1915- . (F. G. Y.)
ORELLI, HANS KONRAD VON (1846-1912), Swiss theologian (see 20.251), died at Basel Nov. 6 1912.
ORKNEY and SHETLAND (see 20.279 and 24.853). Before the World War, British naval bases in the conflicts with France, Spain and Holland had been ports in the south of England, but the rise of the naval power of Germany in the first years of the 20th century created a new situation; the northern coasts became the important naval front, and the North Sea the probable scene of naval operations. Before the outbreak of war Scapa Flow was selected as a forward base, and in Aug. 1914 it became the headquarters of the Grand Fleet. The entire Orkney and Shetland region was an important military area throughout the war, and the ports of Kirkwall, Stromness and Lerwick proved to be of the utmost value for the conduct of the blockade. After the adop- tion of the principle known as " the continuous voyage," first for contraband of war and then for all goods, the cargoes of neutral vessels had to undergo a careful scrutiny in order to as- certain if Germany was the ultimate destination of any of the goods carried in a ship. The large cargoes carried by modern steamers rendered it impossible to conduct this examination at sea, and they were sent into port. For this purpose, Kirkwall, Stromness and Lerwick were very frequently employed. The large and temporary naval population brought great commer- cial prosperity during the war years; travel to Orkney and Shet- land was prohibited except under special permits.
ORLANDO, VITTORIO EM ANUELE (1860- ) , Italian statesman, was born in 1860. Becoming a barrister and a law professor, he was first elected deputy for Partinico in Sicily in 1898. He was Minister of Education in the Giolitti-Tittoni Cabinet of 1903-5, and of Justice in the Giolitti Cabinet of 1907-9, and again under Salandra in March 1914. Although a Giolittian at heart, he was in favour of intervention in the World War at a time when many other politicians still hesitated and most of his party were decided neutralists. On the resignation of the Salandra Cabinet in July 1916 he remained in office under Boselli as Minister of the Interior. His administration of that department left much to be desired, as he permitted the Socialists to conduct a defeatist propaganda which was largely responsible for Caporetto. But on the resignation of Boselli, Oct. 29 1917, Orlando was entrusted with the formation of the new Cabinet, and the course of events imposed on him a somewhat more energetic internal policy. He was Prime Minister at the time of the peace treaty, but his Cab- inet fell June 20 1919, owing to his failure to secure a settlement in Paris. On Dec. 3 he was elected President of the Chamber.
ORPEN, SIR WILLIAM (1878- ), British painter, was born at Stillorgan, co. Dublin, Nov. 27 1878, and studied at the Dublin Metropolitan School of Art and at the Slade School, London. He was elected A.R.A. in 1910, and R.A. in 1919. He first exhibited at the New English Art Club, of which he became a member in 1900, his early work being marked by preoccupation with spacing and silhouette and the use of quiet harmonies of grey and brown, with a note of vivid red or blue. He soon turned to the use of bright colour and the study of light, seen in a series of brilliant portrait interiors such as the " Hon. Percy Wyndham " (1907), " Myself and Venus " (1910, now in Pittsburg Gallery, U.S.A.) and the " Countess of Crawford and Balcarres " (1914). At this time he produced a series of figure compositions, mainly of a satiric and fantastic character, such as " The Passing of his Lordship " and " A Western Wedding " (1914), and became well known for his vigorously characterized portraits, generally marked by the use of much reflected light in the shadows, recent examples of which are "Lady Bonham Carter " (1917), " M. Clemenceau " (i92r), and " The Chef " (1921 R.A. Diploma work). To landscape he paid comparatively little attention. During the World War he received a special appointment as official artist, and in 1918 an exhibition of his war pictures was held in London. The same year he was created K.B.E. Many of these pictures were subsequently presented by the artist to the nation, and are now in the Imperial War Museum. They consist of a large number of military portraits, and a series of landscape and figure studies from the western front, marked by extreme competence in the choice and employment of means, but representing the reduction of previous experience into a skilfully handled recipe. Orpen's satiric bent and summary method sometimes bring his portraits near to caricature; and his predilection for silhouette and bizarre pattern is apt to reduce his figure and landscape work to a series of flat shapes without substance and weight, as may be seen in his two Peace Conference pictures, exhibited in 1919 at the Royal Academy. He is represented in the Tate Gallery by three typical portraits, and a water-colour drawing.
ORTHOPAEDIC SURGERY.—The branch of surgery known as Orthopaedic (Gr. opdos, straight, and Trals, child) has long out-
