ous to life; or it may be the administration of antidotes for poisons and other dangerous substances. In osteopathic therapeutics the fundamental principle is, " Find the lesion, adjust it and let it alone."
Some confusion has arisen in the minds of those unfamiliar with osteopathic practice as to the exact nature of osteopathic treatment. It consists in specific correction by manual adjustment of the several tissues involved in the lesion and no others. This corrective work should be of the highest technical order, and based upon knowledge of the tissues involved and their mechanical relations, both in health and in abnormal conditions. Some have confused it with massage. For this confusion osteopathists hold there is no justification. The principles of osteopathic treatment are as different from those of massage as are the principles of surgery. Nor does osteopathic treat- ment mean simply " bone-setting." Correction of bony lesions is a large and important part of the treatment, but osteopathy goes further. Whatever the cause osteopathy tries to find and remove it. If abuse of function is a contributivc factor, that must be cor- rected. If there are insanitary surroundings, they must be removed.
Osteopathic prevention or prophylaxis comprises systemic exami- nation for incipient lesions, and their correction before function be- comes disordered; individual hygiene and right living; public edu- cation in so using the body as to avoid injury, and in sanitation.
Osteopathy teaches the self-sufficiency of the normal vital mecha- nism. In other than normal conditions this principle powerfully manifests itself ; the hypertrophy of the heart muscle in valvular in- sufficiency, the healing of a wound, the recovery of the body from "light attack" diseases without any treatment, all are instances of the self-sufficiency of the body to repair pathological conditions, traumatic and otherwise. Every healed wound, every hunchback, every particle of cicatricial tissue, every adhesion, shows a successful effort of nature to heal disease, and bears further witness that only the severe and persistent impairment of the mechanism made com- plete repair impossible. The discovery of opsonins and antibodies and their efficacy, together with that of the active principle of the thyroid and other glands forming the internal secretions, is a mark of gradual recognition and acknowledgment of this self-sufficiency when normalized and mechanically stimulated to the maximum exhi- bition of its reparative and auto-protective processes. Osteopathy aims at so normalizing and stimulating the vital mechanism that it will manufacture in the necessary abundance its normal supporting and protecting chemical compounds.
Many osteopathic physicians specialize in certain branches, such as surgery, obstetrics, gynecology, defective and feeble-minded children, mental and nervous diseases, conditions involving the lymphatics, and eye, ear, nose and throat affections. The results secured through osteopathy with defective and under-developed children are such that judges in juvenile courts in many cities have designated osteopathic physicians to give these unfortunates professional care in a sincere effort to reclaim them before committing them to an institution. The success attending the efforts of those physicians specializing in nervous and mental diseases has been so marked that several sanatoria have been established for the exclusive care of persons so afflicted. The field of the eye, ear, nose and throat has, however, attracted by far the largest number of osteopathists who practise as specialists.
The special "technique" employed, variously known as "finger surgery," " finger technique, "and " finger treatment," first developed and first given to the profession by an osteopathic physician in ion, has been described as a system of digital manipulations of these regions whereby the physician adjusts the bony, ligamentous, nerv- ous and muscular lesions, and breaks up any adhesions and masses of lymphoid tissue that interfere with drainage and with ventilation in any of the apertures, and by such technique restores the normal functional activity of the parts. This method was first used in catarrhal deafness, but is now employed in a number of other path- ological conditions of these organs. Catarrhal deafness, hay fever and tonsillitis are the diseases most amenable to this treatment.
Osteopathic practitioners soon felt the need of institutional care for certain kinds of both acute and chronic pathological conditions. This need was all the more important on account of their being denied the opportunity of caring for their patients in the existing institutions controlled by the dominant school of therapy. There- fore, within recent years a number of general hospitals and numer- ous sanatoria under control of the osteopathic profession have been established.
Much excellent experimental research has been done by members of the profession under the direction of the A. T. Still Research Institute at Chicago. The work is chiefly along the line of osteopathic fundamentals, such as the production of lesions; the study of per- verted function and the pathological conditions resulting therefrom; the correction of the produced lesions, and the study of the results following such corrections. These experiments, through clinical observations and post-mortem dissections on various animals, have demonstrated, among other things, that when a spinal lesion is pro- duced, pathological changes in the tissues of the various viscera involved result (for example in that of the stomach, kidney, liver, intestines, pancreas and thyroid gland) ; and that abnormal function- ing of these viscera also results (for example diarrhoea, constipation, nephritis, glycosuria, increased susceptibility to infection, and for- mation of goitre). The experiments have further demonstrated
that the correction of the produced lesion is followed by a return to normal functioning. The produced lesions also showed profound pathological changes in the vascular mechanism of the posterior ganglion, the cells of the grey matter of the cord, and in the sympa- thetic ganglia, all of which affected their functioning. The experi- mental and clinical use of radiography in research and practice has demonstrated the existence of bony lesions and their non-existence following osteopathic adjustment.
The founder of osteopathy, Dr. Andrew Taylor Still, was born in Virginia Aug. 6 1827, and died at his home in Kirksville, Mo., Dec. 12 1917. He was a practising allopathic physician at the beginning of the American Civil War, served as a Union officer during that struggle, and at the close of the war returned to his home in Kansas and resumed the practice of his profession. Gradually his confidence in the efficacy of drugs as a means of healing weakened, and his faith in the inherent curative power of the body strengthened, until June 22 1874, when he publicly announced that he would henceforth discard the use of drugs as a curative measure and would dedicate the remainder of his life to aiding nature in the alleviation of disease by the mechani- cal readjustment of the disordered body. The American School of Osteopathy was opened at Kirksville, Mo., in 1892. There were in 1921 over 7,000 graduate practitioners of osteopathy in all parts of the world.
In addition to the school at Kirksville, there were in 1921 six others in the United States devoted to the teaching of osteopathy: The Philadelphia College of Osteopathy at Philadelphia; The Des Moines Still College of Osteopathy, Des Moines, la. ; The College of Osteopathic Physicians and Surgeons, Los Angeles, Calif.; The Chicago College of Osteopathy, Chicago; The Massachusetts Col- lege of Osteopathy, Boston; and The Kansas City College of Os- teopathy and Surgery, Kansas City, Mo. The student enrolment is second only to that of the allopathic colleges. The matriculant must have had at least a four-year high-school course or its equivalent. The curricula of the osteopathic colleges embrace all the subjects taught in other medical schools, except "Materia Medica," in place of which there is included "Principles and Practice of Osteopathy" and "Osteopathic Therapeutics." The course of study is four years of at least eight months each spent in actual attendance in one of the above recognized colleges. Osteopathy was by 1921 recognized and regulated by law in 47 states of the United States. The one remain- ing state, through court decisions, makes its practice legal. There is an international organization, the American Osteopathic Assn., having some 3, 200 active members; an osteopathic association in each state in the Union; associations in Canada; the New England Os- teopathic Assn., the Western Osteopathic Assn., the Eastern Osteo- pathic Assn., the South Atlantic States Osteopathic Assn, Osteo- pathic Women's National Assn., a British osteopathic association, the Academy of Osteopathic Clinical Research, and the American Society of Ophthalmology and Oto-Laryngology. There are lo or 12 magazines and periodicals published by the profession. (G. W. Rl.)
OTTAWA (see 20.369), the capital of the Dominion of Canada, had with its suburbs a pop. of 133,154 in 1920, according to a local census. The pop. in 1911 was 87,062. It is probable that the 1920 figures were greatly exceeded during the years of the World War, when a large influx to the city was occasioned by the Government's war organization. The Dominion Parliament buildings were almost completely destroyed by fire on Feb. 3 1916. The magnificent library and the senate house fortunately escaped destruction. Reconstruction was undertaken at once through a special committee representative of both Houses of Parliament, which were then in session. John A. Pearson of Toronto and J. O. Marchand of Montreal were the architects. The corner-stone of the new building was laid in September 1916, by the Duke of Connaught, then Governor-General, the stone being the same as that laid by his brother, the late King Edward VII., when he visited Canada as Prince of Wales in 1860. The corner-stone of the new tower was laid by King Edward's grandson, Edward, Prince of Wales, in 1919. The main front of the new Parliament buildings is 470 feet long and nearly 100 feet high, the length being the same as that of the former buildings but the height double as great. The main tower of the new buildings, still under construction in 1921, was to be 300 feet high, about 100 feet higher than the old tower.
Other buildings erected since 1911 include the Grand Trunk Union Station, on the east bank of the Rideau Canal and on the south side of Rideau Street a large structure replacing a previous inadequate building and the Chateau Laurier in Major's Hill Park
