and a situation of stalemate arose. The Government con- sulted him in Oct. as to the expediency and feasibility of with- drawing from the peninsula, and on his pronouncing himself strongly opposed to such a policy he was replaced by Sir C. Monro and returned home. He was given the G.C.M.G. for his services. He was appointed lieutenant of the Tower of London in 1919, but retired from the army at the end of the year. In 1920, after the issue of the report of the Dardanelles Com- mission, he published his own story of the campaign under the title of Gallipoli Diary (2 vols., 1920).
HAMILTON, Ontario, Canada (see 12.891), had in 1919 a pop. of 108,143. Hamilton's geographical position gives it excellent shipping facilities, and the city is on the direct line of main rail- ways from Buffalo and Niagara Falls to Detroit and Port Huron; Buffalo and Niagara Falls to Montreal, and Detroit and Port Huron to Montreal. Hamilton has been called " the city of five hundred diversified industries," and has the largest plough works and implement works in the British Empire. Besides its An- glican and Roman Catholic cathedrals, the city has 83 churches, 33 banks, 51 schools (public, private and technical), five hos- pitals and three public libraries.
HAMMANN, OTTO (1852- ), German journalist and Foreign Office official, born Jan. 23 1852 at Blankenhain. He was engaged in journalism from 1877 to 1893 and was appointed, in 1894, Director of the Press Section of the German Foreign Office, a post which he continued to hold until 1916. Hammann was the trusted adviser of Prince Billow, who always kept an attentive eye upon public opinion as reflected or created in the press. He had personally played a leading part in the defensive campaign of the Imperial Chancellor, Count Caprivi, and the Foreign Secretary, Baron Marshall von Biebcrstcin, in the early 'nineties, against the Bismarckian fronde. His business was to inspire the German and, as far as possible, the foreign press in a sense favourable to German policy and above all to obtain full and accurate information with regard to the personality and circumstances of journalists. His position enabled him to acquire a great deal of exclusive information with regard to the more secret ways of German policy and he embodied a considerable portion of what he knew in the three volumes of reminiscences which he published after the Revolution, Dcr ncue Kurs, Erin- nerungen (1918); Zur Vorgeschichle des Weltkricgs and Um den Kaiser, Erinnerungen ausdcn Jahren igod-igog (1919).
HAMMARSKJOLD, HJALMAR (1862- ), Swedish states- man, was born in 1862, and educated at Upsala University, where he became professor of civil law. He gradually established his reputation as a jurist, and took a prominent part in national politics. In 1901 he joined von Otter's Ministry, and was Minis- ter of Justice till it resigned in 1902. In the latter year he was elected president of the Gota High Court. In 1905 he joined Lundeberg's Government, formed after the dissolution of the union with Norway, as Minister of Education. He was one of Sweden's four representatives in the negotiations with Norway at Karlstad. After the resignation of the Lundeberg Govern- ment he became, in Nov. 1905, Swedish Minister in Copenhagen, and in 1907 governor (landshovding) of the province (Ian) of Upsala. He had often acted meanwhile as expert in constitutional law on behalf both of Sweden and of other countries. He was Swedish delegate at the international conference in Paris with regard to literary copyright in 1896, and at the Hague confer- ences in regard to private international law in 1900 and 1904. From 1904 he was Swedish member of the Hague International Board of Arbitration, and in 1907 he was Sweden's leading delegate to the Hague Peace Conference. In 1908 he was ap- pointed member of the Board of Arbitration in regard to the question of the sea boundary between Sweden and Norway, and in the same year he acted as president of the Franco- German Board of Arbitration in regard to the Casablanca affair. He was chairman of the Swedish committee for drafting the Swedish- German treaty of commerce in 1910-1; Swedish delegate at the Spitzbergen conferences of 1910 and 1912; in 1909 juridical adviser in the Swedish-Norwegian Board of Arbitration in regard to the right of Swedish Laplanders to graze their reindeer in Norway; and in 1913 president of the Franco-Italian Board of Arbitration for the solution of certain freight disputes. In Feb. 1914 he succeeded Staaff as prime minister, retaining this post during the World War until 1917.
HANKOW, China (see 12.919). At the mouth of the Han river a great commercial entrepot is provided for China by the three large cities, Hankow, Hanyang and Wuchang, at the point where the Han flows into the Yangtsze. Prior to the com- mencement of disorder in 1911 the development of railway com- munications in the interior of China had largely increased the wealth and importance of this great distributing centre. Han- kow, on the N. bank of the Yangtsze, is the terminus of the com- pleted Peking-Hankow trunk line, and Wuchang, on the S. bank, the terminus of the line, in process of construction, from Canton. But during the turmoil of the revolution, and on more than one occasion thereafter, Hankow suffered materially because of its strategical importance to the contending factions. On Nov. i 1911 two-thirds of the city was destroyed by fire as the result of a bombardment by the imperialists; nevertheless, the popula- tion of the three cities united was reckoned by the Maritime Customs in 1916 at 1,321,280 and in 1920 at about 1,500,000.
The black-tea trade, Hankow's staple industry in former days, declined steadily between 1915 and 1920, partly because of the com- petition of Indian and Ceylon teas, but chiefly because of the elimination of the Russian buyer the total amount of black leaf shipped abroad from China in 1919 being 288,398 piculs, as against 771,141 piculs in 1915. But in other directions the trade of the port expanded steadily, in spite of political excursions and alarms; its net value in 1919 was 200 million taels, as against 170 millions in 1917. The industrial development of the district, increasingly active after the conclusion of the World War, was reflected in a large demand for machinery and plant for new factories. In 1919 Hankow-milled yarn was selling at a higher price than yarn imported from Japan. The export trade in wood-oil and sesamum-seed, of which Hankow is the chief centre, increased very rapidly.
The number of residents in the British Concession recorded by the census of 1920 included 163 British and 341 Japanese out of a total of 678. The German Concession, like that at Tientsin, was taken over by the Chinese authorities after China's declaration of war on the side of the Allies; early in 1920 it was understood that Japan was negotiating with the Chinese Government to acquire it by purchase. Q. O. P. B.)
HANN, JULIUS VON (1839-1921), Austrian meteorologist, was born at Linz, Upper Austria, March 23 1839, and was educated at the Gymnasium of Kremiinster and afterwards at Vienna. From 1865 to 1868 he was master at the Obcrrealschule at Linz, and in 1865 was appointed editor of the Zeitschrift filr Meteorologie. In 1877 he became director of the Meteorologische
Zcntralanstalt and professor of meteorology at the university
of Vienna. In 1897 he was appointed professor at Graz, but
in 1900 returned to Vienna as professor of cosmical physics.
His meteorological researches were of the greatest value and
importance (see 18.266, 286). His published works include
A'.lgemeine Erdkunde (with F. von Hochstettcr and A. Pokorny,
1872; 5th ed. 1896); Handbuch der Klimatologie (1883; latest
ed. 1908); and Lchrbuch der Metcorologie (1901; latest ed. 1914),
besides numerous meteorological papers contributed to the
Sitzungsberichte der Kaiscrlichen Akadcmie der Wissenschaftcn in
Vienna. Dr. Hann was in 1912 made a foreign knight of the
Prussian Ordre Pour le Merite. He celebrated the jubilee of
his doctorate in 1918, and died at Vienna Oct. I 1921.
HANOTAUX, ALBERT AUGUSTE GABRIEL (1853- ), French statesman and historian (see 12.923), was active during
the World War as historian and propagandist, producing Histoire de la Guerre de 1914 (9 vols., 1914); Le Traitt de Versailles (1919) and Histoire de la Nation fran<;aise (17 vols., 1920). He was employed on more than one semi-official mission abroad, notably to the Vatican, and in 1921 was the third French delegate on the League of Nations.
HARA, TAKASHI (1856-1921), Japanese statesman, was born at Morioka in Feb. 1856. His early studies were made at the now defunct Law College of the Department of Justice, but he abandoned the law, before graduating, in favour of journalism, joining the staff of the Hochi Shimbun, an important Tokyo daily newspaper. He acted as special correspondent in Korea in 1882, when the late Marquess Inouye was envoy to that country, I
