and Underwood, the Republican and Democratic leaders re- spectively. The policy drafted by the President and Mr. Hughes was direct and vigorous. They refused to permit the vital prob- lem of limitation of armaments to be side-tracked, and sur- prised the conference by proposing a ten-year naval holiday and a drastic scrapping of tonnage by the three chief naval Powers. The President made it clear that he regarded the conference merely as a step in securing international understanding and good will; he advocated the convening of succeeding conferences as a possible means of securing an international association for the promotion of peace, and he approved the principle of sub- stituting an understanding between the United States, Great Britain, France and Japan regarding Far-Eastern problems, for the existing Anglo- Japanese Treaty. (See WASHINGTON CON- FERENCE.)
The initiative taken by President Harding in calling the con- ference, and the extent of its success, intensified the feeling which had been steadily growing during the first session of his adminis- tration, that he possessed qualities peculiarly adapted to the political conditions of the moment. He had faced difficult prob- lems with independence and yet he had been able to inaugurate something of an " era of good feeling." His " gospel of under- standing " had proved effective both in domestic and foreign politics. (C. S.)
HARDINGE OF PENSHURST, CHARLES HARDINGE, 1ST BARON (1858- ), British diplomat, was born in London June 20 1858, second son of the 2nd Viscount Hardinge. He was educated at Eton and Trinity College, Cambridge, and in 1880 entered the diplomatic service. He became secretary of legation at Teheran in 1896, and in 1898 went to St. Petersburg as secre- tary of embassy. In 1903 he returned to England and became Assistant Under-Secretary for Foreign Affairs, becoming later (1906-10) Permanent Under-Secretary. In the latter capacity he accompanied King Edward VII. on his foreign visits. He was created K.C.M.G. in 1904 and G.C.M.G. in 1905. From 1904 to 1906 Sir Charles Hardinge was ambassador to Russia, and in 1910 was appointed Viceroy of India and raised to the peerage. On Dec. 22 1912, a bomb was thrown at him as he entered the city of Delhi in state, seriously wounding him, besides killing an attendant. It fell to Lord Hardinge's lot to welcome King George V. and Queen Mary on their historic visit to India in the winter of 1911-2. Lord Hardinge returned to England in 1916 and was reappointed to the post of Permanent Under-Secretary of Foreign Affairs, retiring in 1918. In Nov. 1920 he succeeded Lord Derby as ambassador in Paris.
Lord Hardinge married in 1890 the Hon. Winifred Selina Sturt, daughter of the ist Baron Alington. Lady Hardinge did much during her husband's period as Viceroy of India to further the medical training of Indian womeji. She escaped unhurt when her husband was wounded at Delhi, but the resulting shock to her nerves did much to hasten her death in London July n 1914.
HARDY, THOMAS (1840- ) English novelist (see 12.946); in more recent years received increasing recognition, not only as the premier living English novelist but as a poet. His poetical play The Dynasts, recounting in dramatic form the epic of England's struggle against Napoleon with an accompaniment of philosophic comment after the manner of the Greek tragedians, was produced at the Kingsway theatre, London, in the early months of the World War, and again at Oxford in 1920. He published Satires of Circumstance (1914); Selected Poems (1916); Moments of Vision (1917); and his Collected Poems appeared in 1919. His first wife died in 1912, and in 1914 he married Florence Emily, daughter of Edward Dugdale, herself a writer of children's books and articles in periodicals. Both on his 7oth and on his 8oth birthdays he received tributes of respect and admiration from literary and public men throughout the English- speaking world.
HARE, SIR JOHN (1844-1921) English actor (see 12.948), played the Judge in Barrie's The Adored One at the Duke of York's theatre in 1913, and made his latest appearance on the stage in a revival of Grundy's A Pair of Spectacles at Wyndham's theatre in 1917. He died in London Dec. 28 1921.
HARLAN, JOHN MARSHALL (1833-1911), American jurist (see 12.954), died in Washington, D.C., Oct. 14 1911, after a service on the Supreme Court of just short of 34 years.
HARPIGNIES, HENRI (1819-1916) French painter (see 13.15), of whose drawings there was an exhibition in London in March 1910, died in Burgundy Aug. 23 1916.
HARRIGAN, EDWARD (1845-1911), American actor (see 13.17), died in Brooklyn, N.Y., Jure 6 1911.
HARRISON, FREDERIC (1831- ), English jurist and historian (see 13.23), published his Autobiography in 1911. Other more recent volumes from him were Among my Books (1912); The Positive Evolution of Religion (1912); The German Peril (1915); On Society (1918) and Obiter Dicta (1919). The last was a collection of vigorous comments on politics and litera- ture contributed by him to the Fortnightly Review throughout the closing year of the World War. These comments, though then. in his 90 th year, he resumed as Novissima Verba throughout 1920.
One of his sons, AUSTIN HARRISON (b. March 27 1873), became editor of The English Review in 1910* He was the author of The Pan-Germanic Doctrine (1904) and other works on Germany's foreign policy.
HART, SIR ROBERT, BART. (1835-1911), Anglo-Chinese statesman (see 13.30), left China in July 1907 after 45 years of service as inspector-general of the Imperial Maritime Customs. A year before his feelings had been hurt and his authority diminished in the eyes of the customs service, by the action of the Chinese Government in appointing high Chinese officials to be "administrators " of the service, with control over the inspector-general and his staff; and although the Peking authorities made partial amends for the discourtesy thus shown him, by declining his resignation and by increasing his titular rank while on leave of absence, the remaining years of his life were undoubtedly affected by recollection of the lack of appreciation thus displayed by those whom he had served so long and so loyally. After 50 years of residence at Peking and complete absorption in Chinese affairs, a life of enforced leisure in England had a depressing effect upon his spirits and his health. The book which he wrote, after the Boxer rising, in 1901, remains his only published work; he declined to write his memoirs, and by his will left instructions to his executors which apparently preclude all hope of his vol- uminous diaries being used for biographical or historical purposes. Despite the disappointments of his later career, Sir Robert Hart left a name in China whose greatness will endure; his life's work stands out against the confused background of Chinese affairs as that of one who combined the qualities of an administrator with something of the poetic temperament and the mind of a specula- tive philosopher, a figure as picturesque in its way as that of Gordon or Cecil Rhodes. The multifarious activities of his career were reflected by the large number of honours and decorations conferred upon him by European sovereigns, rulers and learned societies; at the time of his death, he was the possessor of 13 grand crosses. By imperial edicts every high honour in the gift of the Chinese throne had been bestowed upon him, including the Double Dragon and the Peacock's Feather. He was a junior guardian of the heir-apparent, and his ancestors had been ret- rospectively ennobled for three generations. He died at Great Marlow on Sept. 20 1911. (J. O. P. B.)
HARTLEY, SIR CHARLES AUGUSTUS (1825-1915), English engineer (see 13.35), died in London Feb. 20 1915.
HARTLEY, JONATHAN SCOTT (1845-1912), American sculptor (see 13.35), died in New York City Dec. 6 1912. Among his last exhibits were " Young Hopi Stick Thrower " (1911) and " The Cradle of Pan " (1912).
HARVARD UNIVERSITY (see 13.38). The history of Harvard University, after 1909, when Abbott Lawrence Lowell succeeded Charles William Eliot as president, continued to be one of change and growth to meet new needs and opportunities.
Buildings. Three residence halls for freshmen Gore, Standish and Smith accommodating about 450 jrien, built near the Charles river at a cost of approximately $2,500,000, were opened in 1914; and in 1919-20 a number of other dormitories, originally
