JACKSON, HENRY (1839-1921), English classical scholar, was born at Sheffield March 12 1839. He was educated at the Sheffield collegiate school, at Cheltenham College and at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he was elected fellow in 1864 and vice-master in 1914. From 1875 to 1906 he was praelector in Ancient Philosophy, and in 1906 was appointed Regius professor of Greek. In 1908 he was given the O.M. He resigned the vice-mastership of his college in 1919, and died at Bournemouth Sept. 25 1921. His important work in translating and commenting upon Aristotle's Ethics is alluded to in 2.513. He published Texts to Illustrate Greek Philosophy from Tholes to Aristotle (1901) and a series of articles on "Plato's Later Theory of Ideas" (Journal of Philology); also About Edwin Drood (1911). The principal articles on ancient Greek philosophers in this Encyclopedia were his contributions.
JACKSON, SIR JOHN (1851-1919), English engineer and contractor, was born at York Feb. 4 1851. He was educated at Edinburgh University and received his training as an engineer at Newcastle-on-Tyne. Amongst his more important constructions were the docks at Middlesbrough, Hartlepool and N. Sunderland, the commercial harbour at Dover and the extension there of the Admiralty pier, the last section of the Manchester Ship canal, the foundations of the Tower bridge, the new naval harbour at Simon's Town, Cape Colony, and the irrigation works in Mesopotamia. He was knighted in 1895. From 1910 to 1918 he represented Devonport in the House of Commons. Early in the World War he offered to erect army huts at the bare cost. Complaint was made in April. 1917 to the royal commission appointed to inquire into profits made on army huts, that his firm had later claimed 5 % on future work and that the amount paid to them was excessive. The commission endorsed this charge, though exonerating the firm from having " intentionally brought about a state of things in which they could extort exorbitant terms." Sir John died at Godalming Dec. 14 1919. JACKSON, SIR THOMAS GRAHAM, BART. (1835- ), English architect, was born in London Dec. 21 1835, the son of a solicitor. After a brilliant career at Oxford, where he became a fellow of Wadham, he entered the office of Sir George Gilbert Scott at the age of 23, and remained there for three years, but his future work showed that he was not very deeply influenced by the somewhat narrowly Gothic method and predilection of Scott. To accommodate himself to the calls upon his sense of propriety in design, one who was later to be asked to add additional building work to many of the Oxford colleges (Brasenose, Lin- coln, Balliol and others, and especially the University Examina- tion Schools) needed that wide range of knowledge of the architecture of the late i6th and I7th centuries that is indicated in much of Jackson's work. Upon Oxford he has left an especial impress with which his name will be always associated. For Cambridge, again, he carried out many important university buildings, the Law library and school, the Archaeological museum, and the Physiological laboratories amongst them. Less bound there than at Oxford to the precedent of an existing design his work, mostly of a late English Renaissance character, shows facility and invention. His new buildings and additions at so many great English schools including Eton, Harrow, Rugby and Westminster formed a very large proportion of his artistic output in the 'eighties and 'nineties. The interior of the chapel at Giggles wick school, Yorks., is an example of that treatment of colour in marble and mosaic upon which he relied so much as a complement to his architectural design. He was always keen on bringing together the various arts as tributary to, or allied with, architecture, and in support of this endeavour was a member, and in 1896 master, of the Art Workers' Guild. Jackson's name will also be connected with a large number of new churches for which he was responsible, and of even more in the restoration of which he was concerned, amongst the latter being St. Mary's, Oxford. Though subjected at the time to much criticism as to the decorative features of the exterior, and especially the spire, Jackson's work still holds its own as dealing conscienti- ously and conservatively with the difficult and disputed problem of restoration. He carried out many new houses, and a large number of alterations and additions to others. As an author he was responsible for several works, covering a wide area of his profession, and, in especial, his many visits to the Nearer East, especially to the Balkan States, have resulted in his giving nearly all of what is known as to the architecture of Ragusa, Dalmatia, Istria and the Adriatic coast. He was so far recognized as the authority on their traditional type of Romanesque building that the Dalmatians sought his help in the building of the Campanile at Zara. In 1910 the Royal Institute of British Architects awarded him their gold medal. He was elected A.R.A. in 1892, and R.A. in 1896, became hon. D.C.L. of Oxford, and hon. LL.D. of Cambridge, and was created a baronet in 1913.
JACOB, EDGAR (1844-1920), English bishop, was born at Crawley rectory, near Winchester, Nov. 16 1844, the son of Philip Jacob, archdeacon of Winchester. He was educated at Winchester and New College, Oxford, where he graduated in 1867. He was ordained in 1868, and in 1871 went to India as domestic chaplain 'to Dr. Milman, Bishop of Calcutta. In 1876 he returned to England, and in 1878 became vicar of Portsea, where he worked wonders in a difficult parish. In 1896 he became Bishop of Newcastle, and in 1903 was translated to the see of St. Albans. This diocese, which embraced a large part of the poorer outlying parts of London, was too large for the effective control of one bishop, consisting as it did of 630 benefices and nearly 900 clergy, and Dr. Jacob worked hard to secure the formation of a new bishopric out of it. It was not, however, until 1913 that the bill providing for the erection of the bishopric of Chelmsford passed. He retired from his see in Dec. 1919, and died at St. Cross, Winchester, March 25 1920.
JAGER, GUSTAV (1832-1917), German naturalist and hygienist (see 15.124*), died in 1917.
JAGOW, GOTTLIEB VON (1863- ), German Foreign Sec- retary at the outbreak of the World War, was born June 22 1863 in Berlin. He entered the diplomatic service in 1895 and after having been Prussian minister at Munich, German am- bassador at Rome, and German minister at The Hague, was appointed in 1913 Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs. He played an active part in the negotiations preceding the out- break of the World War and was, in particular, concerned in the German relations with Austria, having been the first member of the Imperial Government in Berlin to become acquainted with the terms of the Austrian ultimatum to Serbia. Jagow retired in Nov. 1916. He wrote a defence of German policy entitled Ursachen und Ausbruch des Weltkrieges (1919).
JAMES, HENRY (1843-1916), Anglo-American man of letters (see 15.143), died in London Feb. 28 1916. In 1913 nearly 300 of his English friends presented him with his portrait by J. S. Sargent, on the occasion of his 70th birthday; in the following year the portrait was damaged by a militant suffragette as it hung upon the walls of the Royal Academy. The outbreak of the World War aroused in him such a passionate sympathy for England and her Allies that he decided to identify himself once for all with England and to apply for naturalization. On July 26 1915 he became a British subject. The following Jan. he was awarded the Order of Merit, the insignia being brought to him on his sick-bed by his friend Viscount Bryce. His later works include A Small Boy and Others (1913), Notes of a Son and Brother (1914), The Middle Years (1917, left uncompleted). Two unfinished novels, The Ivory Tower and The Sense of the Past, appeared in 1917. In 1915 he contributed a preface to the Letters from America of Rupert Brooke, and his impressions of the war were published in 1919 under the title of Within the Rim.
See The Letters of Henry James, selected and edited by Percy Lubbock, 2 vols. (1920).
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