JELLINEK, GEORGE (1852–1911), Hungarian jurist (see 15.315), died at Heidelberg Jan. 12 1911.
JENSEN, WILHELM (1837–1911), German author (see 15.321), died at Munich Nov. 24 1911. His later works include Die Fränkische Leuchte (1901); Vor der Elbmündung (1905); Unter der Tarnkappe (1906) ; and Fremdlinge unter den Menschen (1911).
See J. A. Erdmann, Wilhelm Jensen, sein Leben und Dichten (1907); W. Barchfeld, Wilhelm Jensen als Lyriker (1913).
JESSOPP, AUGUSTUS (1823–1914), British archaeologist and author, was born Dec. 20 1823 at Cheshunt. He was educated at St. John’s College, Cambridge, of which he was afterwards elected fellow. He was also hon. fellow of Worcester College, Oxford, and a select preacher of that university in 1896. His first curacy was at Papworth St. Agnes, Cambs., but the greater part of his life was given up to teaching, as headmaster of Helston grammar school from 1855 to 1859 and of King Edward VI. school, Norwich, 1859–79. He was rector of Seaming, Norf., from 1879 to 1911 and during most of that time he acted as chaplain in ordinary to King Edward VII. Besides some archaeological articles in the Nineteenth Century and contributions to the Dictionary of National Biography, he published a History of the Diocese of Norwich (1879); The Coming of the Friars (1885); The Autobiography of Roger North (1887) and Trials of a Country Parson (1890). He died at Scarning Feb. 12 1914.
JEX-BLAKE, SOPHIA (1840–1912), English medical practitioner, was born in 1840. In 1858–61 she was mathematical tutor at Queen’s College, London. She subsequently set out on a tour of inspection of girls' education institutions, and in America became a pupil of Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell. In 1866 Miss Jex-Blake began a course of study in Boston under Dr. Lucy Sewall. In 1868 she returned to England and applied to the university of London for admission to their medical examinations. Being refused, she returned to the university of Edinburgh and was told that they could not admit one lady only. She got others to join her, and finally in 1869 they were admitted to classes, and in 1870 to the hospitals, though here they encountered much riotous hostility from a section of the male students. The university, however, still refused to allow graduation, and after some legal proceedings and much expense Miss Jex-Blake in 1874 went to London, where she took a leading part in establishing the London School of Medicine for Women. In 1877 this was associated with the Royal Free Hospital, and in the same year Miss Jex-Blake obtained the M.D. degree of Bern. She was also admitted a licentiate of the College of Physicians, Dublin, and member in 1880. She began practice in Edinburgh in 1878 and opened a dispensary there for women and children. In 1886 she founded the Edinburgh School of Medicine for Women. She retired in 1899. Besides various medical works she published Medical Women (1872) and American Schools and Colleges (1886). She died at Mark Cross, Sussex, Jan. 7 1912. Her niece Katherine (b. 1860) became mistress of Girton College, Cambridge, in 1916, and another niece, Henrietta (b. 1862), became principal of Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford, in 1909. Both retired in 1921.
JIREČEK, HERMENEGILD, Ritter von Samakow (1827–1909),
Bohemian jurisconsult (see 15.417), died in 1909; and
Konstantin Josef Jireček (1854–1918), archaeologist and historian, died in 1918.
JOFFRE, JOSEPH JACQUES CESARE (1852–), marshal of France, was born at Rivesaltes (Pyrénées-Orientales) on Jan. 12 1852. While he was still a student at the École Polytechnique the Franco-German War broke out. He was given a temporary appointment as a sub-lieutenant and was employed with the artillery engaged in the defence of Paris. On the signing of peace he returned to the École Polytechnique to complete his course, and on Sept. 21 1872 was given a permanent appointment as a lieutenant in the engineers. In April 1876 he became a captain and was posted to a railway works company; after three years spent on the defence works of Paris, he returned to regimental duty in 1879. In 1885 he took part in the expedition to Formosa, and for his services was (Sept. 7 1885) made a chevalier of the Legion of Honour. From Formosa he went, as chief engineer, to Hanoī, and became responsible for the organization of the defences of Upper Tonkin. He returned to France in July 1888 and was attached for duty to the department of the inspector of engineers (War Office). Promoted commandant in May 1889 he next served for two years at Versailles with a railway operating unit. In 1892 he was seconded for service under the colonial administration, and was sent to the Sudan in order to direct the works on the Senegal-Niger railway. While in the Sudan he greatly distinguished himself in command of the force which made the brilliant and audacious march to Timbuctoo to relieve the ambushed Bonnier column, and was made a lieutenant-colonel (March 6 1894) and an officer of the Legion of Honour (Dec. 26 1894). In 1896 he returned from the Sudan and became secretary to the Military Inventions Commission, a post which he continued to hold after his promotion to colonel in Aug. 1897. Four years later he was—while serving in Madagascar under Galliéni—made a general of brigade and was appointed to command the 19th Artillery Bde. at Vincennes. He was at the same time made a member of the Comité technique du génie. In 1903 he became director of engineers at the War Office, and was promoted a commander of the Legion of Honour. He was made a general of division on March 24 1905, and then successively held appointments as military governor of Lille, commander of a division, permanent inspector of schools, commander of the II. Corps (Amiens), and member of the conseil supérieur de la guerre.
On first being nominated to the conseil supérieur de la guerre Joffre was designated, in case of war, to be head of the administrative and lines-of-communication services, for which task his varied experience evidently fitted him. When, however, disputes arose between the generalissimo designate, Michel, and the general staff as to the plan of campaign to be prepared for, Joffre was selected to succeed Michel, after Pau had declined the office and Galliéni had been set aside on account of age. The appointment was a surprise, as Joffre was a “colonial” and an administrator who was not familiar with the particulars of the one problem which the generalissimo might be required to solve. It was intended to give him as assistant Castelnau, a “metropolitan” soldier thoroughly versed in the details of European staff work. Castelnau however, probably on account of his clerical connexions and sympathies, was set aside, and when Aug. 1914 came Joffre’s staff was constituted entirely of men of a younger generation, amongst whom Berthelot at once took the lead. Covered by his authority, it was they who conducted the offensive into Lorraine, the battle of the frontiers, and the retreat that followed. Joffre himself, by nature and through experience, was essentially a man of authority, and, feeling perhaps that the greatest need of the army and the nation in the crisis was confidence in the leader as leader, he gave himself up entirely to the act of commanding. His operations bureau indicated when and where the armies should move and fight; he himself displayed ceaseless activity to ensure that they did so. Thus, while for want of energetic command the victorious German offensive was breaking up, the French retreat, in Joffre’s strong hands, became more and more coherent, till finally, when Galliéni’s initiative began the counter-stroke of the Ource, by a supreme act of command Joffre bade the retreating army turn about and take the offensive, and was obeyed. Earlier disasters and the stabilization of the Germans in the heart of northern France were forgotten in gratitude for the Marne, and in Dec. 1914 Joffre’s prestige at home and abroad was higher than that of any living man. Those who knew the inner history of the crisis were even less inclined than the rest to diminish this prestige, as it seemed that Joffre possessed the secret that had escaped all the general staffs, that of effectively commanding an army of two million citizen soldiers spread over an immense front. Moreover, that prestige was considered essential to the realization of the project of centralizing the command of all Entente forces in French hands.
During 1915, however, when Joffre and his G.H.Q. had settled down to a trench warfare for which they were not prepared, criticism began to make itself felt, especially as to the aloofness of G.H.Q. from the front, its arbitrary methods,
